---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Rivers shaping the land · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of an oxbow lake? Exam question 2 of lesson 53 «Rivers shaping the land» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong
---

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# Exam question 2 · Rivers shaping the land

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of an oxbow lake?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** formation

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 53 «Rivers shaping the land» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:53-rivers-shaping-the-land:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of an oxbow lake?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	formation	formation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	oxbow	oxbow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the formation of a oxbow lake |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A volcanic crater becomes filled with rain

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:53-rivers-shaping-the-land:e2:o1:1
# text = A volcanic crater becomes filled with rain
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	becomes	become	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	filled	fill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | present · passive |  | a volcanic crater |  |  |  | with rain | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: subject=Patient with rain=Instrument |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A glacier excavates a circular basin which subsequently fills with meltwater

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:53-rivers-shaping-the-land:e2:o2:1
# text = A glacier excavates a circular basin which subsequently fills with meltwater
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	excavates	excavate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	basin	basin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
8	subsequently	subsequently	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	fills	fill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	meltwater	meltwater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **excavate** | present | a glacier | a circular basin |  |  |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent basin=Location |
| 2 | **fill** | present | a circular basin |  |  |  |  | with meltwater; subsequently *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with meltwater=Instrument |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A river is impounded by a dam near its source

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:53-rivers-shaping-the-land:e2:o3:1
# text = A river is impounded by a dam near its source
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	impounded	impound	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	dam	dam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	near	near	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impound** | present · passive | a dam near river's source | a river |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A river breaches the narrow neck of a meander and abandons the loop

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:53-rivers-shaping-the-land:e2:o4:1
# text = A river breaches the narrow neck of a meander and abandons the loop
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	breaches	breach	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	meander	meander	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	abandons	abandon	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	loop	loop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **breach** | present | a river | the narrow neck of a meander |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **abandon** | present | a river *not said here* | the loop |  |  |  |  | vn leave-51.2 «NP V NP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme loop=Source |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Rivers shaping the land, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/e1/)
- next →: [Rivers shaping the land, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/53-rivers-shaping-the-land/e3/)
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