---
title: Which is true about ice ages? — Glaciers and ice ages · tree and pragmatics
description: Which is true about ice ages? Test 10 · ★★ of lesson 54 «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 10 · ★★ · Glaciers and ice ages

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which is true about ice ages?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** be

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 10 · ★★ of lesson 54 «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/#t10).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t10:1
# text = Which is true about ice ages?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	ages	age	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  | about ice ages | true *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There has only ever been one ice age, and it ended when the dinosaurs died

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t10:o1:1
# text = There has only ever been one ice age, and it ended when the dinosaurs died
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
4	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	8	advmod	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	ended	end	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
13	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	16	mark	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present |  |  |  | there |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | participle |  | one ice age |  |  | ever |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **end** | past | age |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 4 | **die** | past | the dinosaurs |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The last ice age ended last century

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t10:o2:1
# text = The last ice age ended last century
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	ended	end	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | past | the last ice age |  |  |  | century |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ice ages happened only in Africa

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t10:o3:1
# text = Ice ages happened only in Africa
1	Ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	ages	age	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	happened	happen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | past | Ice ages |  |  | Africa |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in africa=Location |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Earth has swung between cold and warm periods for 2.6 million years

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t10:o4:1
# text = Earth has swung between cold and warm periods for 2.6 million years
1	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	swung	swing	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	between	between	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	periods	period	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	2.6	2.6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	compound	_	_
11	million	million	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swing** | present · perfect | Earth |  |  | cold periods | year |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme between period=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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