---
title: An old photo from 1900 shows a glacier filling a valley; today it is… — Glaciers and ice ages · tree and pragmatics
description: An old photo from 1900 shows a glacier filling a valley; today it is a small patch of ice far up. Why? Test 11 · ★★ of lesson 54 «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was rig
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/t11/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Geography](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/) / [Glaciers and ice ages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/) / t11

# Test 11 · ★★ · Glaciers and ice ages

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An old photo from 1900 shows a glacier filling a valley; today it is a small patch of ice far up. Why?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** old photo, glacier, photo · **What happens:** show, fill, be · **To what, where:** glacier, valley, small patch

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 · ★★ of lesson 54 «Glaciers and ice ages» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/#t11).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* An old photo from 1900 shows a glacier filling a valley; today it is a small patch of ice far up.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t11:1
# text = An old photo from 1900 shows a glacier filling a valley; today it is a small patch of ice far up.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	1900	1900	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nmod	_	_
6	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	filling	fill	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
13	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl:unmarked	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	patch	patch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
21	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	22	advmod	_	_
22	up	up	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | a old photo from 1900 | a glacier |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent glacier=Recipient |
| 2 | **fill** | gerund | a glacier *not said here* | a valley |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent valley=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** | present | photo | a small patch |  |  | today | of ice | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Why?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t11:2
# text = Why?
1	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glaciers always grow in summer

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t11:o1:1
# text = Glaciers always grow in summer
1	Glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	3	advmod	_	_
3	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Glaciers |  |  |  | summer | always *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The photo shows a different planet

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t11:o2:1
# text = The photo shows a different planet
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	planet	planet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the photo | a different planet |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent planet=Recipient |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Most mountain glaciers are shrinking fast with warming

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t11:o3:1
# text = Most mountain glaciers are shrinking fast with warming
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
2	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	shrinking	shrink	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	warming	warming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shrink** | present · progressive | Most mountain glaciers |  |  |  |  | with warming; fast *property* | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with warming=Instrument |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Someone dug the glacier out

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:54-glaciers-and-ice-ages:t11:o4:1
# text = Someone dug the glacier out
1	Someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nsubj	_	_
2	dug	dig	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig out** | past | Someone | the glacier |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent glacier=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Glaciers and ice ages, test 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/t10/)
- next →: [Glaciers and ice ages, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/e1/)
- ↑ back to [Glaciers and ice ages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/54-glaciers-and-ice-ages/)