---
title: Ascertain the manner in which the majority of large caves are formed. — Coasts and caves · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the manner in which the majority of large caves are formed. Exam question 4 of lesson 55 «Coasts and caves» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Exam question 4 · Coasts and caves

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the manner in which the majority of large caves are formed.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** ascertain, form · **To what, where:** manner, majority

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 55 «Coasts and caves» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/55-coasts-and-caves/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:55-coasts-and-caves:e4:1
# text = Ascertain the manner in which the majority of large caves are formed.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	obl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	majority	majority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the manner |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent manner=Topic |
| 2 | **form** | present · passive |  | the majority of large caves |  | the manner |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the excavation of the ground by animals

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:55-coasts-and-caves:e4:o1:1
# text = By the excavation of the ground by animals
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	excavation	excavation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **excavate** |  | the ground |  |  |  |  |  | nom excavation «act intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the cooling of molten lava within mountains of volcanic origin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:55-coasts-and-caves:e4:o2:1
# text = By the cooling of molten lava within mountains of volcanic origin
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cooling	cooling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	molten	molten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	within	within	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	origin	origin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cool** |  |  | molten lava |  |  |  | within mountains of volcanic origin | nom cooling «process transitive»: of=patient within=obl |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the impact of meteorites

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:55-coasts-and-caves:e4:o3:1
# text = By the impact of meteorites
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	impact	impact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	meteorites	meteorite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impact** |  |  | meteorites |  |  |  |  | nom impact «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the slow dissolution of limestone by slightly acidic rain

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:55-coasts-and-caves:e4:o4:1
# text = By the slow dissolution of limestone by slightly acidic rain
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	slow	slow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	dissolution	dissolution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	slightly	slightly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	acidic	acidic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dissolve** |  | acidic rain | limestone |  |  |  |  | nom dissolution «process transitive»: of=patient by=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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