---
title: A lump of coal shows the print of a fern leaf. Why? — Coal, oil and gas · tree and pragmatics
description: A lump of coal shows the print of a fern leaf. Why? Test 2 · ★ of lesson 59 «Coal, oil and gas» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 2 · ★ · Coal, oil and gas

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lump of coal shows the print of a fern leaf. Why?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** lump · **What happens:** show, print · **To what, where:** print, fern leaf

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 2 · ★ of lesson 59 «Coal, oil and gas» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/geography/59-coal-oil-and-gas/#t2).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A lump of coal shows the print of a fern leaf.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:59-coal-oil-and-gas:t2:1
# text = A lump of coal shows the print of a fern leaf.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lump	lump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	print	print	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	fern	fern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | a lump of coal | the print of a fern leaf |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent print=Recipient |
| 2 | **print** |  |  | a fern leaf |  |  |  |  | nom print «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Why?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:59-coal-oil-and-gas:t2:2
# text = Why?
1	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ferns grow on coal today

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:59-coal-oil-and-gas:t2:o1:1
# text = Ferns grow on coal today
1	Ferns	fern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Ferns |  |  | coal | today |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on coal=Location |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coal formed from ancient swamp forests

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:59-coal-oil-and-gas:t2:o2:1
# text = Coal formed from ancient swamp forests
1	Coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	swamp	swamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	forests	forest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | past | Coal |  |  | ancient swamp forests |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coal is made of fossil fish

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:59-coal-oil-and-gas:t2:o3:1
# text = Coal is made of fossil fish
1	Coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Coal |  |  |  | of fossil fish | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Someone drew the fern on it with a pencil

```conllu
# sent_id = question:geography:59-coal-oil-and-gas:t2:o4:1
# text = Someone drew the fern on it with a pencil
1	Someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	fern	fern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | Someone | the fern |  | fern |  | with a pencil | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent fern=Theme on it=Destination |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Coal, oil and gas, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/59-coal-oil-and-gas/t1/)
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