---
title: Hannibal beat Rome many times. Who won in the end? — Rome: from a town on seven hills to a… · tree and pragmatics
description: Hannibal beat Rome many times. Who won in the end? Test 7 of lesson 13 «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 7 · Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hannibal beat Rome many times. Who won in the end?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** Hannibal · **What happens:** beat, win · **To what, where:** Rome, end

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 7 of lesson 13 «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic/#t7).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Hannibal beat Rome many times.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic:t7:1
# text = Hannibal beat Rome many times.
1	Hannibal	Hannibal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	beat	beat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beat** | past | Hannibal | Rome |  |  | time |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location rome=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Who won in the end?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic:t7:2
# text = Who won in the end?
1	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	2	nsubj	_	_
2	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past |  |  |  |  | in the end |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V PP.eventuality S\_ING»: agent=Agent in end=Eventuality |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rome defeated Carthage

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic:t7:o1:1
# text = Rome defeated Carthage
1	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	defeated	defeat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Carthage	Carthage	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defeat** | past | Rome | Carthage |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Carthage conquered Rome

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic:t7:o2:1
# text = Carthage conquered Rome
1	Carthage	Carthage	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	conquered	conquer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **conquer** | past | Carthage | Rome |  |  |  |  | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rome=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody, it was a draw in the end

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic:t7:o3:1
# text = Nobody, it was a draw in the end
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	draw	draw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Nobody | a draw |  |  | in the end |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Greeks, who beat both of them

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:13-rome-from-seven-hills-to-a-republic:t7:o4:1
# text = The Greeks, who beat both of them
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Greeks	Greek	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	beat	beat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beat** | past | the Greeks | both |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location both=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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