---
title: My teacher said, no wait, I think she said Rome fell because of one… — Rome: the fall of the West and what Ro… · tree and pragmatics
description: My teacher said, no wait, I think she said Rome fell because of one bad emperor. What do historians say? Test 2 · ★★ of lesson 16 «Rome: the fall of the West and what Rome left us» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each opt
---

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# Test 2 · ★★ · Rome: the fall of the West and what Rome left us

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My teacher said, no wait, I think she said Rome fell because of one bad emperor. What do historians say?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** teacher, I, Rome, historians · **What happens:** say, think, fall · **To what, where:** wait · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 2 · ★★ of lesson 16 «Rome: the fall of the West and what Rome left us» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/16-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us/#t2).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* My teacher said, no wait, I think she said Rome fell because of one bad emperor.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:16-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us:t2:1
# text = My teacher said, no wait, I think she said Rome fell because of one bad emperor.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
6	wait	wait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	think	think	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
12	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	_
14	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	18	case	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
17	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | My teacher | no wait |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | teacher |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **fall** | past | Rome |  |  |  |  | because one bad emperor | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What do historians say?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:16-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us:t2:2
# text = What do historians say?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	4	obj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	historians	historian	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · do-support | historians |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many problems together weakened the West

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:16-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us:t2:o1:1
# text = Many problems together weakened the West
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	problems	problem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	together	together	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	weakened	weaken	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	West	West	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **weaken** | past | Many problems | the West |  |  |  | together *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent west=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It fell because of a volcano

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:16-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us:t2:o2:1
# text = It fell because of a volcano
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	6	case	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | It |  |  |  |  | because a volcano | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One emperor ruined the whole empire all by himself

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:16-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us:t2:o3:1
# text = One emperor ruined the whole empire all by himself
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ruined	ruin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	empire	empire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	all	all	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ruin** | past | One emperor | the whole empire |  |  |  | by emperor; all *property* | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent empire=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was sold to Persia

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:16-rome-the-fall-of-the-west-and-what-rome-left-us:t2:o4:1
# text = It was sold to Persia
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Persia	Persia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | past · passive |  | It | Persia |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme to persia=Recipient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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