---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the innovation introduced by Johannes Gutenberg circa fourteen hundred and fifty? Exam question 2 of lesson 25 «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and 
---

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# Exam question 2 · Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the innovation introduced by Johannes Gutenberg circa fourteen hundred and fifty?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** innovation · **What happens:** follow, characteris, introduce · **To what, where:** innovation, fourteen hundred

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This is exam question 2 of lesson 25 «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the innovation introduced by Johannes Gutenberg circa fourteen hundred and fifty?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	innovation	innovation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	introduced	introduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	Johannes	Johannes	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	Gutenberg	Gutenberg	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	circa	circa	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
16	fourteen	fourteen	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
17	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	fifty	fifty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the innovation |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **introduce** | participle | the innovation *not said here* | fourteen hundred |  |  |  | by Johannes Gutenberg | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The manufacture of paper from silk

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:e2:o1:1
# text = The manufacture of paper from silk
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	manufacture	manufacture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	silk	silk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **manufacture** |  |  | paper |  | silk |  |  | nom manufacture «act transitive»: of=patient from=place |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The first printing of any kind in the world

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:e2:o2:1
# text = The first printing of any kind in the world
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	amod	_	_
3	printing	printing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **print** |  |  | any kind in the world |  |  |  |  | nom printing «communication transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hand-copying of manuscripts

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:e2:o3:1
# text = The hand-copying of manuscripts
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	copying	copying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	manuscripts	manuscript	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** |  |  | manuscripts |  |  |  |  | nom copying «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A printing press employing movable metal type

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:e2:o4:1
# text = A printing press employing movable metal type
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	printing	printing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	press	press	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	employing	employ	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
5	movable	movable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	type	type	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | gerund | a printing press *not said here* | movable metal type |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent type=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/e1/)
- next →: [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/)