---
title: A friend says Gutenberg invented printing, full stop. What is more a… — Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo… · tree and pragmatics
description: A friend says Gutenberg invented printing, full stop. What is more accurate? Test 2 of lesson 25 «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/t2/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [History](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/) / [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/) / t2

# Test 2 · Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A friend says Gutenberg invented printing, full stop. What is more accurate?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** friend, Gutenberg · **What happens:** say, invent, be · **To what, where:** printing · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 2 of lesson 25 «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/#t2).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A friend says Gutenberg invented printing, full stop.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:t2:1
# text = A friend says Gutenberg invented printing, full stop.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Gutenberg	Gutenberg	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	invented	invent	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
6	printing	printing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	stop	stop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a friend |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **invent** | past | Gutenberg | printing and full stop |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent printing=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What is more accurate?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:t2:2
# text = What is more accurate?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	accurate	accurate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | accurate *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody printed anything until 1900

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:t2:o1:1
# text = Nobody printed anything until 1900
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	2	nsubj	_	_
2	printed	print	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	until	until	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	1900	1900	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **print** | past | Nobody | anything |  |  | until 1900 |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent anything=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He invented printing, paper and ink all by himself in one single year

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:t2:o2:1
# text = He invented printing, paper and ink all by himself in one single year
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	invented	invent	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	printing	print	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	all	all	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
13	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invent** | past | He |  |  |  | year | by himself *= he* | tree rules |
| 2 | **print** | gerund | He *not said here* | paper and ink |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent paper=Theme |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Printing was older in China and Korea; he built a movable-type press in Europe

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:t2:o3:1
# text = Printing was older in China and Korea; he built a movable-type press in Europe
1	Printing	printing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	Korea	Korea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
12	movable	movable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	type	type	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	press	press	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Printing |  |  | China and Korea |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **build** | past | Korea | a type press |  | Europe |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent press=Product |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Printing was invented by the Romans

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation:t2:o4:1
# text = Printing was invented by the Romans
1	Printing	printing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	invented	invent	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	obl:agent	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invent** | past · passive | the Romans | Printing |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/t1/)
- next →: [Printing, the Renaissance and the Refo…, test 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/t3/)
- ↑ back to [Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/)