---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Space: from Sputnik to the Moon · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the persistence of the footprints left upon the lunar surface? Exam question 3 of lesson 35 «Space: from Sputnik to the Moon» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of
---

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# Exam question 3 · Space: from Sputnik to the Moon

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the persistence of the footprints left upon the lunar surface?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 4 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, leave · **To what, where:** persistence, footprints, lunar surface

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 35 «Space: from Sputnik to the Moon» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/35-space-from-sputnik-to-the-moon/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:35-space-from-sputnik-to-the-moon:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the persistence of the footprints left upon the lunar surface?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	persistence	persistence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	footprints	footprint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
15	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	lunar	lunar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the persistence of the footprints |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **leave** | participle |  | the footprints *not said here* |  | the lunar surface |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent upon surface=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They were removed by subsequent missions

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:35-space-from-sputnik-to-the-moon:e3:o1:1
# text = They were removed by subsequent missions
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	removed	remove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	missions	mission	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl:agent	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remove** | past · passive | subsequent missions | They |  |  |  |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They have been eroded by lunar rainfall and the action of the tides

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:35-space-from-sputnik-to-the-moon:e3:o2:1
# text = They have been eroded by lunar rainfall and the action of the tides
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	eroded	erode	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	lunar	lunar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	rainfall	rainfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	tides	tide	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **erode** | present · perfect · passive | lunar rainfall and the action of the tides | They |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **act** |  | the tides |  |  |  |  |  | nom action «act intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They were never made

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:35-space-from-sputnik-to-the-moon:e3:o3:1
# text = They were never made
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **make** | past · passive |  | They |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They endure owing to the absence of wind and rain upon the Moon

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:35-space-from-sputnik-to-the-moon:e3:o4:1
# text = They endure owing to the absence of wind and rain upon the Moon
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	endure	endure	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	owing	owe	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	absence	absence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **endure** | present | They |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **owe** | gerund | They *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the absence of wind upon the Moon and rain *goal* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent to absence=Goal |
| 3 | **absent** |  |  | wind upon the Moon and rain |  |  |  |  | nom absence «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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