---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — China: five thousand years and the old… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the scholarly position in respect of the Xia dynasty? Exam question 3 of lesson 51 «China: five thousand years and the oldest dynasties» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the ques
---

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# Exam question 3 · China: five thousand years and the oldest dynasties

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the scholarly position in respect of the Xia dynasty?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, respect · **To what, where:** scholarly position, respect, Xia dynasty

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 51 «China: five thousand years and the oldest dynasties» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/51-china-five-thousand-years-the-oldest-dynasties/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:51-china-five-thousand-years-the-oldest-dynasties:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the scholarly position in respect of the Xia dynasty?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	scholarly	scholarly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	Xia	Xia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	dynasty	dynasty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the scholarly position |  | respect of the Xia dynasty |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **respect** |  |  | the Xia dynasty |  |  |  |  | nom respect «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its historicity remains debated, no contemporaneous writing having been recovered

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:51-china-five-thousand-years-the-oldest-dynasties:e3:o1:1
# text = Its historicity remains debated, no contemporaneous writing having been recovered
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	historicity	historicity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	remains	remains	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	debated	debate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
7	contemporaneous	contemporaneous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	recovered	recover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **debate** | participle · passive |  | Its historicity remains |  |  |  | no contemporaneous writing *obl* | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **have** | gerund | no contemporaneous writing *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **recover** | participle · passive | no contemporaneous writing *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP» |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is conclusively attested by numerous Xia inscriptions upon bronze vessels and stone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:51-china-five-thousand-years-the-oldest-dynasties:e3:o2:1
# text = It is conclusively attested by numerous Xia inscriptions upon bronze vessels and stone
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	conclusively	conclusively	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	attested	attest	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	numerous	numerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	Xia	Xia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	inscriptions	inscription	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
9	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	bronze	bronze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	vessels	vessel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | present · passive | numerous Xia inscriptions upon bronze vessels and stone | It |  |  |  | conclusively *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is universally regarded as a modern fabrication

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:51-china-five-thousand-years-the-oldest-dynasties:e3:o3:1
# text = It is universally regarded as a modern fabrication
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	universally	universally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	regarded	regard	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	fabrication	fabrication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **regard** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  | as a modern fabrication; universally *property* | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.value»: subject=Theme as fabrication=Value |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is identified with the Qin unification of 221 BC

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:51-china-five-thousand-years-the-oldest-dynasties:e3:o4:1
# text = It is identified with the Qin unification of 221 BC
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	identified	identify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Qin	Qin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	unification	unification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	221	221	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nmod	_	_
10	BC	BC	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:unmarked	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  | with the Qin unification of 221  BC | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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