---
title: Mei says China invented both the kite and the umbrella. Which claim… — China: the four great inventions · tree and pragmatics
description: Mei says China invented both the kite and the umbrella. Which claim is stronger? Test 10 of lesson 53 «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 10 · China: the four great inventions

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mei says China invented both the kite and the umbrella. Which claim is stronger?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** Mei, China, claim · **What happens:** say, invent, be · **To what, where:** kite · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 10 of lesson 53 «China: the four great inventions» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/53-china-the-four-great-inventions/#t10).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Mei says China invented both the kite and the umbrella.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:53-china-the-four-great-inventions:t10:1
# text = Mei says China invented both the kite and the umbrella.
1	Mei	Mei	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	invented	invent	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc:preconj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	kite	kite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Mei |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **invent** | past | China | the kite and the umbrella |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kite=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Which claim is stronger?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:53-china-the-four-great-inventions:t10:2
# text = Which claim is stronger?
1	Which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	2	det	_	_
2	claim	claim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | which claim |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Both are certain

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:53-china-the-four-great-inventions:t10:o1:1
# text = Both are certain
1	Both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Both |  |  |  |  | certain *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Both are false

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:53-china-the-four-great-inventions:t10:o2:1
# text = Both are false
1	Both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Both |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The kite; umbrellas have several ancient homes

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:53-china-the-four-great-inventions:t10:o3:1
# text = The kite; umbrellas have several ancient homes
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kite	kite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	umbrellas	umbrella	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	homes	home	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the kite | several ancient homes |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent home=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The umbrella; kites came from Rome

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:53-china-the-four-great-inventions:t10:o4:1
# text = The umbrella; kites came from Rome
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	umbrella	umbrella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
4	kites	kite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the umbrella and kites |  |  | Rome |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from rome=Initial\_Location |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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