---
title: Kai's grandad: «we invented the secret ballot, mate!» What would vot… — Who decides: kings, councils, republic… · tree and pragmatics
description: Kai's grandad: «we invented the secret ballot, mate!» What would voting be like without it? Test 8 · ★★ of lesson 67 «Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; M
---

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# Test 8 · ★★ · Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Kai's grandad: «we invented the secret ballot, mate!» What would voting be like without it?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** grandad · **What happens:** invent, vote, be · **To what, where:** secret ballot

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 8 · ★★ of lesson 67 «Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/#t8).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Kai's grandad: «we invented the secret ballot, mate!»

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies:t8:1
# text = Kai's grandad: «we invented the secret ballot, mate!»
1	Kai	Kai	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	grandad	grandad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	invented	invent	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	secret	secret	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	ballot	ballot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invent** *in a quote* | past | Kai's grandad | the secret ballot and mate |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ballot=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What would voting be like without it?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies:t8:2
# text = What would voting be like without it?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	_
2	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	voting	vote	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	without	without	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vote** | would |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | like mate | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Everyone would vote better, since they'd have to be brave

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies:t8:o1:1
# text = Everyone would vote better, since they'd have to be brave
1	Everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	3	nsubj	_	_
2	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	vote	vote	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'd	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
11	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	cop	_	_
12	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vote** | would | Everyone |  |  |  |  | good *property* | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **have** | would | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | to-infinitive | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  | brave *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Voting would happen only once every hundred years

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies:t8:o2:1
# text = Voting would happen only once every hundred years
1	Voting	voting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	7	advmod	_	_
6	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | would | Voting |  |  |  | year |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People voted out loud and could be bullied or bribed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies:t8:o3:1
# text = People voted out loud and could be bullied or bribed
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	voted	vote	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	out	out	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	loud	loud	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	bullied	bully	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	bribed	bribe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vote out** | past | People |  |  |  |  | loud, out *property* | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **bully** | could · passive | People *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V PP.beneficiary» |
| 3 | **bribe** | participle | People *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody could ever vote, mate, because there'd be no paper

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies:t8:o4:1
# text = Nobody could ever vote, mate, because there'd be no paper
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	4	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	4	advmod	_	_
4	vote	vote	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	vocative	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	11	expl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	'd	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	13	det	_	_
13	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vote** | could | Nobody |  |  |  | ever | mate *vocative* | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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