---
title: Zara asks since when «innocent until proven guilty». What is fair? — Rules, courts, police, taxes and armie… · tree and pragmatics
description: Zara asks since when «innocent until proven guilty». What is fair? Test 11 of lesson 68 «Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 11 · Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Zara asks since when «innocent until proven guilty». What is fair?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 1 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** Zara · **What happens:** ask, prove, be · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 11 of lesson 68 «Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time/#t11).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Zara asks since when «innocent until proven guilty».

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time:t11:1
# text = Zara asks since when «innocent until proven guilty».
1	Zara	Zara	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	asks	ask	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	innocent	innocent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
7	until	until	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | present | Zara |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **prove** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What is fair?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time:t11:2
# text = What is fair?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old roots in Roman law, though not always followed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time:t11:o1:1
# text = Old roots in Roman law, though not always followed
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
9	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	10	advmod	_	_
10	followed	follow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **follow** | participle · passive |  | Old roots in Roman law |  |  |  | always *property* | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Since the days of trial by ordeal and hot iron

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time:t11:o2:1
# text = Since the days of trial by ordeal and hot iron
1	Since	since	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	trial	trial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	ordeal	ordeal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **try** |  | ordeal |  |  |  |  |  | nom trial «act transitive»: by=agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only since last year, when a new law was passed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time:t11:o3:1
# text = Only since last year, when a new law was passed
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	since	since	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | past · passive |  | a new law |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It's not a real idea, just something on TV shows

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time:t11:o4:1
# text = It's not a real idea, just something on TV shows
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	just	just	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	conj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	TV	TV	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	shows	show	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | present | It | a real idea |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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