---
title: Ascertain the principal reason for which the population of Ukraine h… — Humanity today: how many we are, how l… · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the principal reason for which the population of Ukraine has been difficult to determine since two thousand and twenty-two. Exam question 4 of lesson 78 «Humanity today: how many we are, how long we live, how poor and how rich» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the depen
---

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# Exam question 4 · Humanity today: how many we are, how long we live, how poo…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the principal reason for which the population of Ukraine has been difficult to determine since two thousand and twenty-two.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, population · **What happens:** ascertain, be, determine · **To what, where:** principal reason

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 78 «Humanity today: how many we are, how long we live, how poor and how rich» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/78-humanity-today-how-many-how-long-how-rich/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:78-humanity-today-how-many-how-long-how-rich:e4:1
# text = Ascertain the principal reason for which the population of Ukraine has been difficult to determine since two thousand and twenty-two.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Ukraine	Ukraine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	cop	_	_
13	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl:relcl	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	determine	determine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	csubj	_	_
16	since	since	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	compound	_	_
18	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	obl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
20	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	22	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reason=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | present · perfect | the population of Ukraine |  |  |  |  | for the principal reason; difficult *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **determine** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | since two thousand |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The absence of any previous census

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:78-humanity-today-how-many-how-long-how-rich:e4:o1:1
# text = The absence of any previous census
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	absence	absence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
5	previous	previous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	census	census	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **absent** |  |  | any previous census |  |  |  |  | nom absence «state transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Warfare, the departure of refugees and a reduction in births

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:78-humanity-today-how-many-how-long-how-rich:e4:o2:1
# text = Warfare, the departure of refugees and a reduction in births
1	Warfare	warfare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	departure	departure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	births	birth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **depart** |  | refugees |  |  |  |  |  | nom departure «act intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A refusal by all citizens to be enumerated

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:78-humanity-today-how-many-how-long-how-rich:e4:o3:1
# text = A refusal by all citizens to be enumerated
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	refusal	refusal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	citizens	citizen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	enumerated	enumerate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **enumerate** | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **refuse** |  | all citizens |  |  |  |  |  | nom refusal «communication transitive»: by=agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The population has in fact been determined with complete precision

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:78-humanity-today-how-many-how-long-how-rich:e4:o4:1
# text = The population has in fact been determined with complete precision
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
6	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	determined	determine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	complete	complete	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	precision	precision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **determine** | present · perfect · passive |  | the population |  | fact |  | with complete precision | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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