---
title: Identify the principal cause of the warming of the Earth observed si… — Worries and hopes: climate, the UN, sp… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal cause of the warming of the Earth observed since the late nineteenth century. Exam question 1 of lesson 79 «Worries and hopes: climate, the UN, space, AI, and is the world getting better?» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Worries and hopes: climate, the UN, space, AI, and is the…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal cause of the warming of the Earth observed since the late nineteenth century.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, principal cause, Earth · **What happens:** identify, observe, cause, warm · **To what, where:** warming

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 79 «Worries and hopes: climate, the UN, space, AI, and is the world getting better?» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal cause of the warming of the Earth observed since the late nineteenth century.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	warming	warming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	observed	observe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
12	since	since	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	nineteenth	nineteenth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn empathize-88.2 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **observe** | past | the principal cause of the warming of the Earth |  |  |  | century |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **cause** |  |  | the warming of the Earth |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **warm** |  | the Earth |  |  |  |  |  | nom warming «process intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The combustion of coal, oil and gas by human beings

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better:e1:o1:1
# text = The combustion of coal, oil and gas by human beings
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	combustion	combustion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	beings	being	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **combust** |  | coal |  |  |  |  |  | nom combustion «process intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The activity of volcanoes alone, without any human part

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better:e1:o2:1
# text = The activity of volcanoes alone, without any human part
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	activity	activity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
9	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The approach of the Sun towards the Earth year by year

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better:e1:o3:1
# text = The approach of the Sun towards the Earth year by year
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	approach	approach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **approach** |  | the Sun |  |  |  | towards the Earth year by year |  | nom approach «act intransitive»: of=agent towards=obl |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The respiration of cattle and other domestic animals

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better:e1:o4:1
# text = The respiration of cattle and other domestic animals
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	respiration	respiration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	domestic	domestic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **respire** |  | cattle and other domestic animals |  |  |  |  |  | nom respiration «act intransitive»: of=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Worries and hopes: climate, the UN, sp…, test 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better/t12/)
- next →: [Worries and hopes: climate, the UN, sp…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better/e2/)
- ↑ back to [Worries and hopes: climate, the UN, space, AI, and is the world getting better?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/79-worries-and-hopes-is-the-world-getting-better/)