---
title: ★★★ Ethan reckons: «The Spanish won in America just coz they were wa… — Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★ · tree and pragmatics
description: ★★★ Ethan reckons: «The Spanish won in America just coz they were way stronger, period.» What's missing? Test 4 · ★★★ of lesson 86 «Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★» of the history course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova'
---

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# Test 4 · ★★★ · Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
★★★ Ethan reckons: «The Spanish won in America just coz they were way stronger, period.» What's missing?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** ★ ★ ★, Spanish, they · **What happens:** reckon, win, be · **To what, where:** America

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 4 · ★★★ of lesson 86 «Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/history/86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains/#t4).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* ★★★ Ethan reckons: «The Spanish won in America just coz they were way stronger, period.»

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains:t4:1
# text = ★★★ Ethan reckons: «The Spanish won in America just coz they were way stronger, period.»
1	★	★	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	★	★	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	★	★	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	Ethan	Ethan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	reckons	reckon	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	nsubj	_	_
10	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	just	just	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
14	coz	because	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
18	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	period	period	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reckon** | present | ★ ★ ★ |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **win** *in a quote* | past | the Spanish |  |  | America |  | strong *property* | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V PP.eventuality S\_ING»: agent=Agent in america=Eventuality |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | past | they |  |  |  |  | because way | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What's missing?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains:t4:2
# text = What's missing?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	missing	missing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | missing *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smallpox had already killed huge numbers of native people

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains:t4:o1:1
# text = Smallpox had already killed huge numbers of native people
1	Smallpox	Smallpox	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	already	already	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	native	native	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past · perfect · passive |  | Smallpox |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer number=Result |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nothing; a few hundred soldiers alone could easily beat millions

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains:t4:o2:1
# text = Nothing; a few hundred soldiers alone could easily beat millions
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
7	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	beat	beat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	appos	_	_
11	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beat** | could | a few hundred soldiers | millions |  |  |  | easily *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location million=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Inca invited the Spanish in to rule them

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains:t4:o3:1
# text = The Inca invited the Spanish in to rule them
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Inca	Inca	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	invited	invite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	rule	rule	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invite** | past | the Inca | the Spanish |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spanish=Recipient |
| 2 | **rule** | to-infinitive | the Inca *not said here* | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Aztecs had no cities, no farms and no armies

```conllu
# sent_id = question:history:86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains:t4:o4:1
# text = The Aztecs had no cities, no farms and no armies
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Aztecs	Aztec	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	11	det	_	_
11	armies	army	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the Aztecs | no cities and no farms and no armies |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★, test 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains/t3/)
- next →: [Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★, test 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains/t5/)
- ↑ back to [Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains/)