---
title: Identify the principal reason for which English designates the anima… — Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal reason for which English designates the animal "cow" but its flesh "beef". Exam question 1 of lesson 23 «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's
---

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# Exam question 1 · Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal reason for which English designates the animal "cow" but its flesh "beef".

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, English, flesh · **What happens:** identify, designate, beef · **To what, where:** principal reason, animal

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 23 «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:e1:1
# text = Identify the principal reason for which English designates the animal "cow" but its flesh "beef".
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obl	_	_
7	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	designates	designate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
14	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	flesh	flesh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
17	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	beef	beef	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal reason |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme |
| 2 | **designate** | present | English | the animal |  |  |  | for the principal reason | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent animal=Theme cow=Attribute |
| 3 | **beef** *in a quote* |  | animal's flesh |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Both terms derive from Old Norse, the former denoting the living beast and the latter its flesh when cooked

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:e1:o1:1
# text = Both terms derive from Old Norse, the former denoting the living beast and the latter its flesh when cooked
1	Both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	derive	derive	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	Norse	Norse	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
9	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
10	denoting	denote	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	amod	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	beast	beast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	latter	latter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	nsubj	_	_
17	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	flesh	flesh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
19	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
20	cooked	cook	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **derive** | present | both terms |  |  | Old Norse |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: agent=Agent from norse=Material |
| 2 | **denote** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **flesh** |  | the latter |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **cook** | participle | both terms *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The term "beef" was devised by mediaeval butchers' guilds in order to distinguish their trade from that of farmers

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:e1:o2:1
# text = The term "beef" was devised by mediaeval butchers' guilds in order to distinguish their trade from that of farmers
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	beef	beef	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	devised	devise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	butchers	butcher	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	'	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	guilds	guild	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	order	order	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	distinguish	distinguish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
17	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	16	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **devise** | past · passive | mediaeval butchers's guilds in order | the term |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **distinguish** | to-infinitive | mediaeval butchers's guilds in order *not said here* | guilds's trade |  |  |  | of farmers; from that | vn distinguish-23.5-1 «NP V NP.theme PP.co-theme»: agent=Agent trade=Theme from that=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **trade** |  | guilds *= guild* |  |  |  |  |  | nom trade «act transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Following 1066, French-speaking nobility consumed the meat while English-speaking labourers tended the livestock

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:e1:o3:1
# text = Following 1066, French-speaking nobility consumed the meat while English-speaking labourers tended the livestock
1	Following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	nsubj	_	_
2	1066	1066	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	nobility	nobility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	consumed	consume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
12	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	amod	_	_
15	labourers	labourer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	tended	tend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	livestock	livestock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **consume** | past | speaking nobility | 1066 |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meat=Asset |
| 4 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **tend** | past | speaking labourers | the livestock |  |  |  |  | vn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent livestock=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The term "cow" is of Latin origin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:e1:o4:1
# text = The term "cow" is of Latin origin
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	origin	origin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the term |  |  |  |  | of Latin origin | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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