---
title: Your mate goes "the Vikings just smashed stuff, they never left any… — Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin · tree and pragmatics
description: Your mate goes "the Vikings just smashed stuff, they never left any words, bruv." What's true? Test 1 · ★ of lesson 23 «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice 
---

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# Test 1 · ★ · Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your mate goes "the Vikings just smashed stuff, they never left any words, bruv." What's true?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** mate, Vikings · **What happens:** go, not leave, be · **To what, where:** Vikings, words · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 23 «Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/#t1).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Your mate goes "the Vikings just smashed stuff, they never left any words, bruv."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:t1:1
# text = Your mate goes "the Vikings just smashed stuff, they never left any words, bruv."
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	smashed	smashed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	stuff	stuff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
14	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	det	_	_
15	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	bruv	bruv	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | Your mate | the Vikings  smashed stuff |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **leave** *in a quote* | past | Vikings *= viking* | any words |  |  |  | bruv *obl* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What's true?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:t1:2
# text = What's true?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They only left swear words, which is why we don't learn them at school

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:t1:o1:1
# text = They only left swear words, which is why we don't learn them at school
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	swear	swear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
11	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl:relcl	_	_
14	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	at	at	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | They | swear words |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | swear words |  |  |  |  | why *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **learn** | present · do-support | we | words *= word* |  | school |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Topic |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
English got everyday words like "sky", "egg" and "they" from them

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:t1:o2:1
# text = English got everyday words like "sky", "egg" and "they" from them
1	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	everyday	everyday	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
17	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | English | everyday words |  |  |  | like sky | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They only left names of weapons

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:t1:o3:1
# text = They only left names of weapons
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	weapons	weapon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | They | names of weapons |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme |
| 2 | **name** |  |  | weapons |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He's right, not a single Viking word survived in English, they all vanished

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin:t1:o4:1
# text = He's right, not a single Viking word survived in English, they all vanished
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	Viking	viking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
10	survived	survive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	all	all	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	vanished	vanish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | He |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **survive** | participle |  | a single Viking word *not said here* |  | English |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in english=Location |
| 3 | **vanish** | past | they |  |  |  |  | all *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Where English came from, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/22-where-english-came-from/e4/)
- next →: [Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin, test 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/t2/)
- ↑ back to [Borrowed words: French, Norse and Latin](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/23-borrowed-words-french-norse-and-latin/)