---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Ukrainian compared with English · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the means by which Ukrainian indicates the grammatical function of a noun? Exam question 1 of lesson 33 «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the qu
---

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# Exam question 1 · Ukrainian compared with English

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the means by which Ukrainian indicates the grammatical function of a noun?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** the · **What happens:** follow, characteris, mean, indicate · **To what, where:** grammatical function · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 33 «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the means by which Ukrainian indicates the grammatical function of a noun?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	nsubj	_	_
10	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	_
11	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
13	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	indicates	indicate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	ccomp	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	grammatical	grammatical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	function	function	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | present | the |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **indicate** | present |  | the grammatical function of a noun |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot function=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Principally by the alteration of word endings, termed cases

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:e1:o1:1
# text = Principally by the alteration of word endings, termed cases
1	Principally	principally	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	alteration	alteration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	endings	ending	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
9	termed	term	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	cases	case	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **term** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | principally *property* | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **alter** |  |  | word endings |  |  |  |  | nom alteration «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Principally by fixed word order identical to that of English

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:e1:o2:1
# text = Principally by fixed word order identical to that of English
1	Principally	principally	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	fixed	fix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
4	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	order	order	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	identical	identical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fix** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Principally by tones of voice

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:e1:o3:1
# text = Principally by tones of voice
1	Principally	principally	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	tones	tone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **intonate** |  |  | voice |  |  |  |  | nom tone «communication transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Principally by the use of articles

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:e1:o4:1
# text = Principally by the use of articles
1	Principally	principally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	articles	article	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** |  |  | articles |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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