---
title: Sophie's mate says "every language needs a and the, innit." What's t… — Ukrainian compared with English · tree and pragmatics
description: Sophie's mate says "every language needs a and the, innit." What's true? Test 2 · ★★ of lesson 33 «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 2 · ★★ · Ukrainian compared with English

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sophie's mate says "every language needs a and the, innit." What's true?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** mate, language · **What happens:** say, need, innit, be · **To what, where:** a · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 2 · ★★ of lesson 33 «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/#t2).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Sophie's mate says "every language needs a and the, innit."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:t2:1
# text = Sophie's mate says "every language needs a and the, innit."
1	Sophie	Sophie	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	innit	innit	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Sophie's mate |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **need** *in a quote* | present | every language | a |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot a=Theme |
| 3 | **innit** *in a quote* | infinitive | every language *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What's true?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:t2:2
# text = What's true?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only English and Ukrainian have no articles

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:t2:o1:1
# text = Only English and Ukrainian have no articles
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	Ukrainian	ukrainian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	7	det	_	_
7	articles	article	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | English | no articles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent article=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ukrainian uses "the" but spells it differently

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:t2:o2:1
# text = Ukrainian uses "the" but spells it differently
1	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	spells	spell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	differently	differently	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Ukrainian | the |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent the=Patient |
| 2 | **spell** | present | Ukrainian *not said here* | it |  |  |  | differently *property* | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ukrainian manages without articles, using the situation

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:t2:o3:1
# text = Ukrainian manages without articles, using the situation
1	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	manages	manage	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	without	without	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	articles	article	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	situation	situation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **manage** | present | Ukrainian |  |  |  |  | without articles | vn succeed-74-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **use** | gerund | Ukrainian *not said here* | the situation |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent situation=Patient |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He's right, every language on Earth has words for "a" and "the"

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:33-ukrainian-compared-with-english:t2:o4:1
# text = He's right, every language on Earth has words for "a" and "the"
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
10	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | He |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | every language on Earth | words |  |  |  | for a | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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