---
title: Your nan from Bristol says "'ee were a naughty one, my lover." ("My… — Words that changed their meaning · tree and pragmatics
description: Your nan from Bristol says "'ee were a naughty one, my lover." ("My lover" is a friendly greeting in the West Country.) What does "naughty" mean today? Test 2 of lesson 38 «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of t
---

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# Test 2 · Words that changed their meaning

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your nan from Bristol says "'ee were a naughty one, my lover." ("My lover" is a friendly greeting in the West Country.) What does "naughty" mean today?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** nan, ee, lover, naughty · **What happens:** say, be, mean · **To what, where:** naughty one, friendly greeting, West Country · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 2 of lesson 38 «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/#t2).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Your nan from Bristol says "'ee were a naughty one, my lover."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:38-words-that-changed-their-meaning:t2:1
# text = Your nan from Bristol says "'ee were a naughty one, my lover."
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	nan	nan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Bristol	Bristol	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	ee	ee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	naughty	naughty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	lover	lover	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Your nan from Bristol |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | past | ee | a naughty one and my lover |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* ("My lover" is a friendly greeting in the West Country.)

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:38-words-that-changed-their-meaning:t2:2
# text = ("My lover" is a friendly greeting in the West Country.)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	lover	lover	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	greeting	greeting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	West	West	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	Country	Country	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My lover | a friendly greeting |  | the West Country |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* What does "naughty" mean today?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:38-words-that-changed-their-meaning:t2:3
# text = What does "naughty" mean today?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	6	obj	_	_
2	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
3	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	naughty	naughty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	mean	mean	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present · do-support | naughty |  |  |  | today |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Badly behaved, usually about a child

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:38-words-that-changed-their-meaning:t2:o1:1
# text = Badly behaved, usually about a child
1	Badly	badly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	behaved	behave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **behave** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | about a child; badly, usually *property* | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wicked and dangerous to everyone around

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:38-words-that-changed-their-meaning:t2:o2:1
# text = Wicked and dangerous to everyone around
1	Wicked	wicked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	1	obl	_	_
6	around	around	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blessed and very happy

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:38-words-that-changed-their-meaning:t2:o3:1
# text = Blessed and very happy
1	Blessed	blessed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Having nothing at all, very poor

```conllu
# sent_id = question:language:38-words-that-changed-their-meaning:t2:o4:1
# text = Having nothing at all, very poor
1	Having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	1	obj	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | gerund |  | nothing |  | all |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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