--- title: Identify the mechanism by which a vaccine confers protection against… — Vaccinations and why · tree and pragmatics description: Identify the mechanism by which a vaccine confers protection against disease. Exam question 1 of lesson 29 «Vaccinations and why» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/29-vaccinations-and-why/e1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Medicine](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/) / [Vaccinations and why](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/29-vaccinations-and-why/) / e1 # Exam question 1 · Vaccinations and why Identify the mechanism by which a vaccine confers protection against disease. **Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, vaccine · **What happens:** identify, confer · **To what, where:** mechanism, protection This is exam question 1 of lesson 29 «Vaccinations and why» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/medicine/29-vaccinations-and-why/#e1). ## The question {#question} ```conllu # sent_id = question:medicine:29-vaccinations-and-why:e1:1 # text = Identify the mechanism by which a vaccine confers protection against disease. 1 Identify identify VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 mechanism mechanism NOUN NN Number=Sing 1 obj _ _ 4 by by ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 8 obl _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 vaccine vaccine NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 8 confers confer VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 acl:relcl _ _ 9 protection protection NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obj _ _ 10 against against ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 disease disease NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 12 . . PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the mechanism | | | | | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent mechanism=Theme | | 2 | **confer** | present | a vaccine | protection | | | | by the mechanism; against disease | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The options {#options} ### Option 1 {#o1} The body temperature is permanently raised ```conllu # sent_id = question:medicine:29-vaccinations-and-why:e1:o1:1 # text = The body temperature is permanently raised 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 body body NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 temperature temperature NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj:pass _ _ 4 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 aux:pass _ _ 5 permanently permanently ADV RB _ 6 advmod _ _ 6 raised raise VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **raise** | present · passive | | the body temperature | | | | permanently *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2} The immune system is trained to recognise the pathogen in advance ```conllu # sent_id = question:medicine:29-vaccinations-and-why:e1:o2:1 # text = The immune system is trained to recognise the pathogen in advance 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 immune immune NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 system system NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 nsubj:pass _ _ 4 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 aux:pass _ _ 5 trained train VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 6 to to PART TO _ 7 mark _ _ 7 recognise recognise VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 xcomp _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 pathogen pathogen NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obj _ _ 10 in in ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 advance advance NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **train** | present · passive | | the immune system | | | | | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Theme clause=Attribute | | 2 | **recognise** | to-infinitive | the immune system *not said here* | the pathogen | | advance | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer pathogen=Stimulus | ### Option 3 {#o3} The pathogen is destroyed within the bloodstream by antibiotics ```conllu # sent_id = question:medicine:29-vaccinations-and-why:e1:o3:1 # text = The pathogen is destroyed within the bloodstream by antibiotics 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 pathogen pathogen NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 destroyed destroy VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 within within ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 bloodstream bloodstream NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 8 by by ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 9 antibiotics antibiotic NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **destroy** | present · passive | antibiotics | the pathogen | | | | within the bloodstream | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient | ### Option 4 {#o4} The skin is rendered impermeable to pathogens ```conllu # sent_id = question:medicine:29-vaccinations-and-why:e1:o4:1 # text = The skin is rendered impermeable to pathogens 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 skin skin NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 aux:pass _ _ 4 rendered render VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 5 impermeable impermeable ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 xcomp _ _ 6 to to ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 pathogens pathogen NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ ``` | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **render** | present · passive | | the skin | pathogens | | | impermeable *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme to pathogen=Recipient | **Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License. - ← previous: [Vaccinations and why, test 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/29-vaccinations-and-why/t12/) - next →: [Vaccinations and why, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/29-vaccinations-and-why/e2/) - ↑ back to [Vaccinations and why](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/29-vaccinations-and-why/)