---
title: State the principal cause of the discoloration of a bruise. — Sprains, strains and bruises · tree and pragmatics
description: State the principal cause of the discoloration of a bruise. Exam question 3 of lesson 3 «Sprains, strains and bruises» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Exam question 3 · Sprains, strains and bruises

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
State the principal cause of the discoloration of a bruise.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** cause · **To what, where:** discoloration

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 3 «Sprains, strains and bruises» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/medicine/3-sprains-strains-and-bruises/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:3-sprains-strains-and-bruises:e3:1
# text = State the principal cause of the discoloration of a bruise.
1	State	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	discoloration	discoloration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	bruise	bruise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** |  |  | the discoloration of a bruise |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blood escaped from minute vessels beneath the skin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:3-sprains-strains-and-bruises:e3:o1:1
# text = Blood escaped from minute vessels beneath the skin
1	Blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	escaped	escape	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	minute	minute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	vessels	vessel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **escape** | past | Blood |  |  | minute vessels |  | beneath the skin | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from vessel=Initial\_Location |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Infection of the superficial layers of the skin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:3-sprains-strains-and-bruises:e3:o2:1
# text = Infection of the superficial layers of the skin
1	Infection	infection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	superficial	superficial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **infect** |  |  | the superficial layers of the skin |  |  |  |  | nom infection «state transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Displacement of the underlying bone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:3-sprains-strains-and-bruises:e3:o3:1
# text = Displacement of the underlying bone
1	Displacement	displacement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	underlying	underlying	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pigment transferred to the skin from clothing

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:3-sprains-strains-and-bruises:e3:o4:1
# text = Pigment transferred to the skin from clothing
1	Pigment	pigment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	transferred	transfer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	clothing	clothing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **transfer** | participle |  | Pigment *not said here* |  | clothing |  | to the skin | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent to skin=Destination from clothing=Initial\_Location |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Sprains, strains and bruises, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/3-sprains-strains-and-bruises/e2/)
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