---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises infl… — Colds and flu · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises influenza as compared with the common cold? Exam question 2 of lesson 7 «Colds and flu» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong
---

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# Exam question 2 · Colds and flu

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises influenza as compared with the common cold?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, compare · **To what, where:** influenza

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 7 «Colds and flu» of the medicine course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/medicine/7-colds-and-flu/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:7-colds-and-flu:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises influenza as compared with the common cold?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	compared	compare	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | influenza |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **compare** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with the common cold | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Patient with cold=Co-Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Influenza is confined to the nose

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:7-colds-and-flu:e2:o1:1
# text = Influenza is confined to the nose
1	Influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	confined	confine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **confine** | present · passive |  | Influenza |  | the nose |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to nose=Destination |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Influenza is caused by bacteria rather than by any kind of virus

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:7-colds-and-flu:e2:o2:1
# text = Influenza is caused by bacteria rather than by any kind of virus
1	Influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl:agent	_	_
6	rather	rather	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	3	advmod	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
10	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | bacteria | Influenza |  |  |  | by any kind of virus | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Influenza begins abruptly with high fever, aching and exhaustion

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:7-colds-and-flu:e2:o3:1
# text = Influenza begins abruptly with high fever, aching and exhaustion
1	Influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	begins	begin	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	abruptly	abruptly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fever	fever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	aching	ache	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	exhaustion	exhaustion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | present | Influenza |  |  |  |  | with high fever; abruptly *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with fever=Subeventuality |
| 2 | **ache** | gerund | Influenza *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Influenza is a milder variant of the common cold

```conllu
# sent_id = question:medicine:7-colds-and-flu:e2:o4:1
# text = Influenza is a milder variant of the common cold
1	Influenza	influenza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	milder	mild	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	variant	variant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Influenza | a milder variant |  |  |  | of the common cold | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Colds and flu, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/7-colds-and-flu/e1/)
- next →: [Colds and flu, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/7-colds-and-flu/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Colds and flu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/medicine/7-colds-and-flu/)