---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises infl… — Inflation explained with a chocolate bar · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises inflation? Exam question 3 of lesson 34 «Inflation explained with a chocolate bar» of the money course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 3 · Inflation explained with a chocolate bar

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises inflation?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** inflation

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 34 «Inflation explained with a chocolate bar» of the money course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/money/34-inflation-explained-with-a-chocolate-bar/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:34-inflation-explained-with-a-chocolate-bar:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises inflation?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	inflation	inflation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | inflation |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A fixed charge imposed by the government upon chocolate

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:34-inflation-explained-with-a-chocolate-bar:e3:o1:1
# text = A fixed charge imposed by the government upon chocolate
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fixed	fix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	charge	charge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	imposed	impose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:agent	_	_
8	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fix** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **impose** | participle |  | a fixed charge *not said here* |  |  |  | upon chocolate | vn enforce-63 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An increase in the quantity of air contained in an article

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:34-inflation-explained-with-a-chocolate-bar:e3:o2:1
# text = An increase in the quantity of air contained in an article
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	increase	increase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	quantity	quantity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	contained	contain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	article	article	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | participle |  | a increase in the quantity of air *not said here* |  | a article |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in article=Location |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A general fall in prices over time, whereby a given sum purchases more goods

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:34-inflation-explained-with-a-chocolate-bar:e3:o3:1
# text = A general fall in prices over time, whereby a given sum purchases more goods
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	sum	sum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	purchases	purchase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	amod	_	_
15	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	13	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **purchase** | present | a general fall in prices over time | more goods |  |  |  | whereby *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset goods=Theme |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A general rise in prices over time, whereby a given sum purchases fewer goods

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:34-inflation-explained-with-a-chocolate-bar:e3:o4:1
# text = A general rise in prices over time, whereby a given sum purchases fewer goods
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	rise	rise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	sum	sum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	purchases	purchase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	fewer	few	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	15	amod	_	_
15	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	13	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **purchase** | present | a general rise in prices over time | fewer goods |  |  |  | whereby *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset goods=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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