---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Gambling and honesty with change · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the probability of a fair coin falling heads upon the sixth toss, five heads having previously been obtained? Exam question 3 of lesson 40 «Gambling and honesty with change» of the money course of Mova's primary school, with the depende
---

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# Exam question 3 · Gambling and honesty with change

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the probability of a fair coin falling heads upon the sixth toss, five heads having previously been obtained?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** fair coin, five heads · **What happens:** follow, characteris, fall, have, obtain · **To what, where:** probability, heads

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 40 «Gambling and honesty with change» of the money course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/money/40-gambling-and-honesty-with-change/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:40-gambling-and-honesty-with-change:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the probability of a fair coin falling heads upon the sixth toss, five heads having previously been obtained?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	probability	probability	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	acl	_	_
16	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
17	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	sixth	sixth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	toss	toss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	23	nummod	_	_
23	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
24	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	acl	_	_
25	previously	previously	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
26	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	obtained	obtain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the probability of a fair coin and five heads |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **fall** | gerund | a fair coin *not said here* | heads |  |  |  | upon the sixth toss | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient head=Result |
| 4 | **have** | gerund | five heads *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **obtain** | participle · passive | five heads *not said here* |  |  |  |  | previously *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP» |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One in thirty-two, the preceding tosses being taken into account

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:40-gambling-and-honesty-with-change:e3:o1:1
# text = One in thirty-two, the preceding tosses being taken into account
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	thirty	thirty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	amod	_	_
9	tosses	toss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
12	into	into	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	account	account	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **precede** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **take** | gerund · passive |  | the preceding tosses |  | account |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme into account=Destination |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Certainty, a sixth head being inevitable

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:40-gambling-and-honesty-with-change:e3:o2:1
# text = Certainty, a sixth head being inevitable
1	Certainty	certainty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	sixth	sixth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
6	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
7	inevitable	inevitable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund | Certainty and a sixth head |  |  |  |  | inevitable *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One in two, each toss being independent of those preceding it

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:40-gambling-and-honesty-with-change:e3:o3:1
# text = One in two, each toss being independent of those preceding it
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	toss	toss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
8	independent	independent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	8	obl	_	_
11	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund | each toss |  |  |  |  | of those; independent *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **precede** | gerund |  | toss |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Co-Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Impossibility, tails being obligatorily due

```conllu
# sent_id = question:money:40-gambling-and-honesty-with-change:e3:o4:1
# text = Impossibility, tails being obligatorily due
1	Impossibility	impossibility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	tails	tail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
5	obligatorily	obligatorily	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	due	due	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund | Impossibility tails |  |  |  |  | due, obligatorily *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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