---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Explorers, scientists and inventors · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the contribution of Galileo Galilei in respect of the telescope? Exam question 3 of lesson 20 «Explorers, scientists and inventors» of the myths course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question an
---

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# Exam question 3 · Explorers, scientists and inventors

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the contribution of Galileo Galilei in respect of the telescope?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, contribute, respect · **To what, where:** contribution, respect, Galileo Galilei, telescope

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 20 «Explorers, scientists and inventors» of the myths course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/myths/20-explorers-scientists-and-inventors/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:myths:20-explorers-scientists-and-inventors:e3:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the contribution of Galileo Galilei in respect of the telescope?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	contribution	contribution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	Galileo	Galileo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	flat	_	_
13	Galilei	Galilei	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	telescope	telescope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the contribution of Galileo Galilei |  | respect of the telescope |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **contribute** |  |  | Galileo Galilei |  |  |  |  | nom contribution «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **respect** |  |  | the telescope |  |  |  |  | nom respect «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was the original inventor of the telescope

```conllu
# sent_id = question:myths:20-explorers-scientists-and-inventors:e3:o1:1
# text = He was the original inventor of the telescope
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	original	original	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	inventor	inventor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	telescope	telescope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | He | the original inventor |  |  |  | of the telescope | tree rules |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He improved an existing invention and applied it to astronomy

```conllu
# sent_id = question:myths:20-explorers-scientists-and-inventors:e3:o2:1
# text = He improved an existing invention and applied it to astronomy
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	improved	improve	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	existing	exist	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	invention	invention	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	applied	apply	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	astronomy	astronomy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **improve** | past | He | a existing invention |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent invention=Patient |
| 2 | **exist** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **apply** | past | He *not said here* | invention |  |  |  | to astronomy | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He employed it solely for the observation of ships approaching harbour

```conllu
# sent_id = question:myths:20-explorers-scientists-and-inventors:e3:o3:1
# text = He employed it solely for the observation of ships approaching harbour
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	employed	employ	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	observation	observation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	ships	ship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	approaching	approach	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
11	harbour	harbour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | past | He | it |  |  |  | for the observation of ships; solely *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent it=Theme for observation=Eventuality |
| 2 | **approach** | gerund | ships *not said here* | harbour |  |  |  |  | vn confront-98 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent harbour=Theme |
| 3 | **observe** |  |  | ships |  |  |  |  | nom observation «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He prohibited its use for observing the heavens

```conllu
# sent_id = question:myths:20-explorers-scientists-and-inventors:e3:o4:1
# text = He prohibited its use for observing the heavens
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	prohibited	prohibit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	observing	observe	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prohibit** | past | He | its use |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer use=Theme |
| 2 | **observe** | gerund | He *not said here* | the heavens |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent heaven=Topic |
| 3 | **use** |  | its *= it* |  |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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