---
title: It is given that the space between the Sun and the Earth is very nea… — Heat moves: hot to cold · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that the space between the Sun and the Earth is very nearly empty. Ascertain the mode by which solar heat reaches the Earth. Exam question 3 of lesson 23 «Heat moves: hot to cold» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and 
---

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# Exam question 3 · Heat moves: hot to cold

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that the space between the Sun and the Earth is very nearly empty. Ascertain the mode by which solar heat reaches the Earth.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** space, you, solar heat · **What happens:** give, be, ascertain, reach · **To what, where:** It, mode, Earth

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 23 «Heat moves: hot to cold» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/physics/23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold/#e3).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that the space between the Sun and the Earth is very nearly empty.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:e3:1
# text = It is given that the space between the Sun and the Earth is very nearly empty.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
7	between	between	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
14	very	very	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	nearly	nearly	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | the space between the Sun and the Earth |  |  |  |  | empty, nearly *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Ascertain the mode by which solar heat reaches the Earth.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:e3:2
# text = Ascertain the mode by which solar heat reaches the Earth.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	mode	mode	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obl	_	_
6	solar	solar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	reaches	reach	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the mode |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mode=Topic |
| 2 | **reach** | present | solar heat | the Earth |  |  |  | by the mode | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent earth=Theme |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By radiation

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:e3:o1:1
# text = By radiation
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	radiation	radiation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the circulation of air

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:e3:o2:1
# text = By the circulation of air
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	circulation	circulation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **circulate** |  |  | air |  |  |  |  | nom circulation «communication transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By conduction through matter

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:e3:o3:1
# text = By conduction through matter
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	conduction	conduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	matter	matter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By the motion of water

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:e3:o4:1
# text = By the motion of water
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	motion	motion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **motion** |  | water |  |  |  |  |  | nom motion «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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