---
title: Why does the Sun warm you even though space between us is empty? — Heat moves: hot to cold · tree and pragmatics
description: Why does the Sun warm you even though space between us is empty? Test 8 of lesson 23 «Heat moves: hot to cold» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 8 · Heat moves: hot to cold

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Why does the Sun warm you even though space between us is empty?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** Sun, space · **What happens:** warm, be · **To what, where:** you

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 8 of lesson 23 «Heat moves: hot to cold» of the physics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/physics/23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold/#t8).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:t8:1
# text = Why does the Sun warm you even though space between us is empty?
1	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
2	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	warm	warm	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	even	even	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
8	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
9	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
10	between	between	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nmod	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **warm** | present · do-support | the Sun | you |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent you=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | space between us |  |  |  |  | empty *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Space is full of warm air all the way here

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:t8:o1:1
# text = Space is full of warm air all the way here
1	Space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	9	det:predet	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
10	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	9	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Space |  |  |  |  | of warm air; full *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Heat only comes up from the ground below

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:t8:o2:1
# text = Heat only comes up from the ground below
1	Heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	below	below	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come up** | present | Heat |  |  | the ground |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from ground=Initial\_Location |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Heat travels as rays that need no air

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:t8:o3:1
# text = Heat travels as rays that need no air
1	Heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	travels	travel	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	as	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **travel** | present | Heat |  |  |  |  | as rays | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **need** | present | rays | no air |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot air=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Moon catches the heat and passes it on

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:23-heat-moves-hot-to-cold:t8:o4:1
# text = The Moon catches the heat and passes it on
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	catches	catch	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	passes	pass	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | present | the Moon | the heat |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heat=Theme |
| 2 | **pass on** | present | the Moon *not said here* | heat |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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