---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the function of the foam lining of a cycling helmet? Exam question 2 of lesson 3 «Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of e
---

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# Exam question 2 · Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the function of the foam lining of a cycling helmet?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** function

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 3 «Parachutes, skydivers and falling safely» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/physics/3-parachutes-and-falling-safely/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:3-parachutes-and-falling-safely:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the function of the foam lining of a cycling helmet?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	function	function	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	foam	foam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	lining	lining	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	cycling	cycling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the function of the foam lining of a cycling helmet |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It increases the rebound of the head from the ground

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:3-parachutes-and-falling-safely:e2:o1:1
# text = It increases the rebound of the head from the ground
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	increases	increase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rebound	rebound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **increase** | present | It | the rebound of the head |  | the ground |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.initial\_state PP.result»: agent=Patient rebound=Extent from ground=Initial\_State |
| 2 | **rebound** |  | the head |  |  |  |  |  | nom rebound «event intransitive»: of=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It reduces the weight of the head during a fall

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:3-parachutes-and-falling-safely:e2:o2:1
# text = It reduces the weight of the head during a fall
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	reduces	reduce	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	during	during	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reduce** | present | It | the weight of the head |  |  | during a fall |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer weight=Patient |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It prolongs the arrest of the head and so diminishes the force

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:3-parachutes-and-falling-safely:e2:o3:1
# text = It prolongs the arrest of the head and so diminishes the force
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	prolongs	prolong	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	arrest	arrest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	diminishes	diminish	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prolong** | present | It | the arrest of the head |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent arrest=Theme |
| 2 | **diminish** | present |  | the force |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer force=Patient |
| 3 | **arrest** |  |  | the head |  |  |  |  | nom arrest «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It prevents the helmet from being displaced by a strong wind when cycling

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:3-parachutes-and-falling-safely:e2:o4:1
# text = It prevents the helmet from being displaced by a strong wind when cycling
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	prevents	prevent	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	displaced	displace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	13	advmod	_	_
13	cycling	cycle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prevent** | present | It | the helmet |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer helmet=Theme |
| 2 | **displace** | gerund · passive | a strong wind | the helmet *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cycle** | gerund | a strong wind *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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