---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Pushes and pulls all around us · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of a force applied to a sponge? Exam question 2 of lesson 5 «Pushes and pulls all around us» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's c
---

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# Exam question 2 · Pushes and pulls all around us

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of a force applied to a sponge?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, apply, effect · **To what, where:** effect, force

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 5 «Pushes and pulls all around us» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/physics/5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of a force applied to a sponge?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	effect	effect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	applied	apply	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	sponge	sponge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the effect of a force |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **apply** | participle |  | a force *not said here* |  |  |  | to a sponge | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **effect** |  |  | a force |  |  |  |  | nom effect «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It has no effect upon a body at rest

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us:e2:o1:1
# text = It has no effect upon a body at rest
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	effect	effect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | It | no effect |  | rest |  | upon a body | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent effect=Patient |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It alters only the speed of the sponge

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us:e2:o2:1
# text = It alters only the speed of the sponge
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	alters	alter	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sponge	sponge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **alter** | present | It | the speed of the sponge |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent speed=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It increases the mass of the sponge

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us:e2:o3:1
# text = It increases the mass of the sponge
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	increases	increase	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	mass	mass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sponge	sponge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **increase** | present | It | the mass of the sponge |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer mass=Patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It alters the shape of the sponge

```conllu
# sent_id = question:physics:5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us:e2:o4:1
# text = It alters the shape of the sponge
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	alters	alter	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sponge	sponge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **alter** | present | It | the shape of the sponge |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent shape=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Pushes and pulls all around us, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/physics/5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us/e1/)
- next →: [Pushes and pulls all around us, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/physics/5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Pushes and pulls all around us](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/physics/5-pushes-and-pulls-all-around-us/)