---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Prices, money and jobs: why everything… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of an increase in interest rates by a central bank? Exam question 2 of lesson 18 «Prices, money and jobs: why everything costs more» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of 
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more/e2/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [questions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/) / [Politics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/) / [Prices, money and jobs: why everything…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more/) / e2

# Exam question 2 · Prices, money and jobs: why everything costs more

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of an increase in interest rates by a central bank?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, effect · **To what, where:** effect, increase

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 18 «Prices, money and jobs: why everything costs more» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/politics/18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more:e2:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the effect of an increase in interest rates by a central bank?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	effect	effect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	increase	increase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	interest	interest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	rates	rate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	central	central	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the effect of a increase in interest rates |  |  |  | of the following statements; by a central bank; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **effect** |  |  | a increase in interest rates |  |  |  |  | nom effect «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Borrowing becomes less costly, and all prices fall immediately

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more:e2:o1:1
# text = Borrowing becomes less costly, and all prices fall immediately
1	Borrowing	borrowing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	becomes	become	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	costly	costly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	fall	fall	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	immediately	immediately	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present | Borrowing |  |  |  |  | costly *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **fall** | present | all prices |  |  |  |  | immediately *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No household is affected in any respect, since interest rates concern the banks alone

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more:e2:o2:1
# text = No household is affected in any respect, since interest rates concern the banks alone
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	household	household	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	affected	affect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	since	since	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	interest	interest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	rates	rate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	compound	_	_
12	concern	concern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	banks	bank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
15	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **affect** | present · passive |  | no household |  | any respect |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Households with mortgages pay less each month, the loans being cheaper

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more:e2:o3:1
# text = Households with mortgages pay less each month, the loans being cheaper
1	Households	household	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	with	with	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	mortgages	mortgage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	pay	pay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
6	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	month	month	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	loans	loan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	cop	_	_
12	cheaper	cheap	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | present | Households with mortgages |  |  |  | month | less *property* | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | gerund | the loans |  |  |  |  | cheap *property* | tree rules |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Borrowing becomes more costly, and households with mortgages pay more each month

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more:e2:o4:1
# text = Borrowing becomes more costly, and households with mortgages pay more each month
1	Borrowing	borrowing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	becomes	become	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	costly	costly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	households	household	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	mortgages	mortgage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	pay	pay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	obj	_	_
12	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	det	_	_
13	month	month	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl:unmarked	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present | Borrowing |  |  |  |  | costly *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **pay** | present | households with mortgages | more |  |  | month |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Asset |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Prices, money and jobs: why everything…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more/e1/)
- next →: [Prices, money and jobs: why everything…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Prices, money and jobs: why everything costs more](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/18-prices-money-and-jobs-why-everything-costs-more/)