---
title: Whereas one speaker employs the term "illegal immigration" and anoth… — Immigration and borders · tree and pragmatics
description: Whereas one speaker employs the term "illegal immigration" and another the term "irregular migration", determine the principal significance of the difference. Exam question 4 of lesson 19 «Immigration and borders» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmati
---

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# Exam question 4 · Immigration and borders

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whereas one speaker employs the term "illegal immigration" and another the term "irregular migration", determine the principal significance of the difference.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 1 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** one speaker, term, you · **What happens:** employ, migration, determine · **To what, where:** term, principal significance

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 19 «Immigration and borders» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:19-immigration-and-borders:e4:1
# text = Whereas one speaker employs the term "illegal immigration" and another the term "irregular migration", determine the principal significance of the difference.
1	Whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	speaker	speaker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	employs	employ	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	advcl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	immigration	immigration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
12	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	17	det	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
15	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	irregular	irregular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	migration	migration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	determine	determine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	significance	significance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	difference	difference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | present | one speaker | the term and another irregular migration |  |  |  |  | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent term=Theme |
| 2 | **migration** *in a quote* |  | the term |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **determine** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal significance of the difference |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent significance=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The choice of term reflects the speaker's view, although both refer largely to the same persons

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:19-immigration-and-borders:e4:o1:1
# text = The choice of term reflects the speaker's view, although both refer largely to the same persons
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	choice	choice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	reflects	reflect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	speaker	speaker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	nsubj	_	_
13	refer	refer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
14	largely	largely	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reflect** | present | the choice of term | the speaker's view |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **refer** | present | both |  |  |  |  | to the same persons; largely *property* | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to person=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **view** |  | the speaker |  |  |  |  |  | nom view «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The terms denote wholly unrelated groups of persons, who are never to be confused with one another

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:19-immigration-and-borders:e4:o2:1
# text = The terms denote wholly unrelated groups of persons, who are never to be confused with one another
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	denote	denote	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	wholly	wholly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	unrelated	unrelated	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux:pass	_	_
12	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	confused	confuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	obl	_	_
18	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	17	fixed	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | the terms | unrelated groups of persons |  |  |  | wholly *property* | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot group=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **confuse** | present · passive | the terms *not said here* | unrelated groups of persons |  |  |  | with one | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient with one=Co-Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One term refers exclusively to tourists

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:19-immigration-and-borders:e4:o3:1
# text = One term refers exclusively to tourists
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	refers	refer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	tourists	tourist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refer** | present | One term |  |  |  |  | to tourists; exclusively *property* | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to tourist=Co-Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Neither term refers to any person at all

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:19-immigration-and-borders:e4:o4:1
# text = Neither term refers to any person at all
1	Neither	neither	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	refers	refer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refer** | present | neither term |  |  | all |  | to any person | vn relate-86.2-2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to person=Co-Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Immigration and borders, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/e3/)
- next →: [Healthcare: who pays when you are ill, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/20-healthcare-who-pays-when-you-are-ill/t1/)
- ↑ back to [Immigration and borders](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/19-immigration-and-borders/)