---
title: Identify the principal cause, as widely reported by scientists, of t… — Climate: hot summers and hot arguments · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal cause, as widely reported by scientists, of the rise in the Earth's average temperature. Exam question 2 of lesson 21 «Climate: hot summers and hot arguments» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each o
---

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# Exam question 2 · Climate: hot summers and hot arguments

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal cause, as widely reported by scientists, of the rise in the Earth's average temperature.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, principal · **What happens:** identify, cause, report · **To what, where:** principal

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 21 «Climate: hot summers and hot arguments» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/politics/21-climate-hot-summers-and-hot-arguments/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:21-climate-hot-summers-and-hot-arguments:e2:1
# text = Identify the principal cause, as widely reported by scientists, of the rise in the Earth's average temperature.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	cause	cause	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	widely	widely	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	reported	report	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	rise	rise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	average	average	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent principal=Theme |
| 2 | **cause** | present | the principal *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 3 | **report** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by scientists; widely *property* | vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A depletion of the Earth's supply of rainfall

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:21-climate-hot-summers-and-hot-arguments:e2:o1:1
# text = A depletion of the Earth's supply of rainfall
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	depletion	depletion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	supply	supply	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	rainfall	rainfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deplete** |  |  | the Earth's supply of rainfall |  |  |  |  | nom depletion «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The influence of volcanic activity upon the Moon

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:21-climate-hot-summers-and-hot-arguments:e2:o2:1
# text = The influence of volcanic activity upon the Moon
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	influence	influence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	activity	activity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A reduction in the distance between the Earth and the Sun

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:21-climate-hot-summers-and-hot-arguments:e2:o3:1
# text = A reduction in the distance between the Earth and the Sun
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	reduction	reduction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	distance	distance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The combustion of coal, oil and gas

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:21-climate-hot-summers-and-hot-arguments:e2:o4:1
# text = The combustion of coal, oil and gas
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	combustion	combustion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **combust** |  | coal |  |  |  |  |  | nom combustion «process intransitive»: of=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- next →: [Climate: hot summers and hot arguments, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/21-climate-hot-summers-and-hot-arguments/e3/)
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