---
title: Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument as… — Arguing politely and never calling names · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument as understood in this lesson? Exam question 1 of lesson 39 «Arguing politely and never calling names» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's c
---

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# Exam question 1 · Arguing politely and never calling names

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument as understood in this lesson?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, understand · **To what, where:** argument, lesson

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 39 «Arguing politely and never calling names» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/politics/39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names:e1:1
# text = Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument as understood in this lesson?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	6	advmod	_	_
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	understood	understand	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	14	det	_	_
14	lesson	lesson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | a argument |  |  |  | accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **understand** | participle |  | a argument *not said here* |  | this lesson |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The refusal to attend to opposing views

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names:e1:o1:1
# text = The refusal to attend to opposing views
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	refusal	refusal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	attend	attend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	acl	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	opposing	oppose	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	views	view	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attend** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | to opposing views | vn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent to view=Theme |
| 2 | **oppose** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The advancement of reasons in support of a view

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names:e1:o2:1
# text = The advancement of reasons in support of a view
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	advancement	advancement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	reasons	reason	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	support	support	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **advance** |  |  | reasons in support of a view |  |  |  |  | nom advancement «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 2 | **support** |  |  | a view |  |  |  |  | nom support «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The use of insulting epithets against an opponent

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names:e1:o3:1
# text = The use of insulting epithets against an opponent
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	insulting	insulting	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	epithets	epithet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	opponent	opponent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** |  |  | insulting epithets against a opponent |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A physical altercation between parties

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names:e1:o4:1
# text = A physical altercation between parties
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	physical	physical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	altercation	altercation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	between	between	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	parties	party	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Arguing politely and never calling names, test 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names/t12/)
- next →: [Arguing politely and never calling names, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names/e2/)
- ↑ back to [Arguing politely and never calling names](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/39-arguing-politely-and-never-calling-names/)