---
title: Identify the principal source, other than grants from national gover… — Taxes and local councils: bins, roads… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principal source, other than grants from national government, from which local councils in England defray the cost of refuse collection, street lighting and libraries. Exam question 2 of lesson 8 «Taxes and local councils: bins, roads and schools» of the politics course of Mova's primar
---

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# Exam question 2 · Taxes and local councils: bins, roads and schools

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principal source, other than grants from national government, from which local councils in England defray the cost of refuse collection, street lighting and libraries.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, local councils · **What happens:** identify, defray, cost · **To what, where:** principal source, cost, refuse collection

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 8 «Taxes and local councils: bins, roads and schools» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/politics/8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools:e2:1
# text = Identify the principal source, other than grants from national government, from which local councils in England defray the cost of refuse collection, street lighting and libraries.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	principal	principal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	source	source	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	grants	grant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	national	national	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	obl	_	_
15	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	councils	council	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	England	England	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
19	defray	defray	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	refuse	refuse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	collection	collection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	street	street	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	lighting	lighting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	appos	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	libraries	library	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principal source |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent source=Theme |
| 2 | **defray** | present | local councils in England | the cost of refuse collection |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cost** |  |  | refuse collection |  |  |  |  | nom cost «possession transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Council tax payable in respect of each dwelling

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools:e2:o1:1
# text = Council tax payable in respect of each dwelling
1	Council	Council	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	tax	tax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	payable	payable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	dwelling	dwelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **respect** |  |  | each dwelling |  |  |  |  | nom respect «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fines imposed upon persons who fail to vote

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools:e2:o2:1
# text = Fines imposed upon persons who fail to vote
1	Fines	fine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	imposed	impose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	fail	fail	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	vote	vote	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impose** | participle |  | Fines *not said here* |  |  |  | upon persons | vn enforce-63 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fail** | present | persons |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **not** **vote** | to-infinitive | persons *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sales of tickets to council meetings

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools:e2:o3:1
# text = Sales of tickets to council meetings
1	Sales	sale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	tickets	ticket	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	council	council	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	meetings	meeting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Voluntary donations from members of the royal family

```conllu
# sent_id = question:politics:8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools:e2:o4:1
# text = Voluntary donations from members of the royal family
1	Voluntary	voluntary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	donations	donation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	members	member	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	royal	royal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Taxes and local councils: bins, roads…, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools/e1/)
- next →: [Taxes and local councils: bins, roads…, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools/e3/)
- ↑ back to [Taxes and local councils: bins, roads and schools](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/8-taxes-and-local-councils-bins-roads-and-schools/)