---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Animals · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the grounds upon which duties towards animals are commonly held to rest? Exam question 1 of lesson 46 «Animals» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each 
---

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# Exam question 1 · Animals

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the grounds upon which duties towards animals are commonly held to rest?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, hold, rest · **To what, where:** grounds

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 46 «Animals» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/religion-ethics/46-animals/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:46-animals:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the grounds upon which duties towards animals are commonly held to rest?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	grounds	grounds	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	13	det	_	_
13	duties	duty	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
17	commonly	commonly	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	ccomp	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	rest	rest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **hold** | present · passive |  | the grounds upon which duties towards animals |  |  |  | commonly *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 4 | **rest** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Animals are capable of experiencing pain and fear, and are therefore owed humane treatment

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:46-animals:e1:o1:1
# text = Animals are capable of experiencing pain and fear, and are therefore owed humane treatment
1	Animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	capable	capable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	experiencing	experience	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
6	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
12	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	owed	owe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
14	humane	humane	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	treatment	treatment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Animals |  |  |  |  | capable *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **experience** | gerund | Animals *not said here* | pain and fear |  |  |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer pain=Stimulus |
| 3 | **owe** | present · passive | Animals *not said here* | humane treatment |  |  |  | therefore *property* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: treatment=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Animals are possessed of the faculty of speech and may assert their own entitlements

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:46-animals:e1:o2:1
# text = Animals are possessed of the faculty of speech and may assert their own entitlements
1	Animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	possessed	possess	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	faculty	faculty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	assert	assert	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
13	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	entitlements	entitlement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **possess** | present · passive |  | Animals |  |  |  | of the faculty of speech | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **assert** | may |  | Animals's own entitlements |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent entitlement=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Animals are owed nothing whatsoever save that which statute expressly requires

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:46-animals:e1:o3:1
# text = Animals are owed nothing whatsoever save that which statute expressly requires
1	Animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	owed	owe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	6	obj	_	_
5	whatsoever	whatsoever	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	save	save	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
8	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	9	det	_	_
9	statute	statute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	expressly	expressly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	requires	require	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **owe** | present · passive |  | Animals |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **save** | present |  | nothing |  |  |  | whatsoever *property* | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Theme |
| 3 | **require** | present | which statute |  |  |  |  |  | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Animals are of greater worth than human beings in every respect

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:46-animals:e1:o4:1
# text = Animals are of greater worth than human beings in every respect
1	Animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	greater	great	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	worth	worth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	beings	being	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Animals |  |  | every respect |  | than human beings; worth *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Animals, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/religion-ethics/46-animals/t11/)
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