---
title: Ascertain which statement concerning courage is consistent with the… — Owning up when it is hard · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain which statement concerning courage is consistent with the view attributed to Aristotle. Exam question 4 of lesson 91 «Owning up when it is hard» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice
---

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# Exam question 4 · Owning up when it is hard

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain which statement concerning courage is consistent with the view attributed to Aristotle.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, concerning courage · **What happens:** ascertain, be, attribute · **To what, where:** statement, view

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 91 «Owning up when it is hard» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/religion-ethics/91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard:e4:1
# text = Ascertain which statement concerning courage is consistent with the view attributed to Aristotle.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	3	det	_	_
3	statement	statement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	concerning	concerning	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	consistent	consistent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	acl:relcl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	view	view	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	attributed	attribute	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Aristotle	Aristotle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | which statement |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statement=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | present | concerning courage | which statement *not said here* |  |  |  | with the view; consistent *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **attribute** | participle |  | the view *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Courage consists in doing what is right notwithstanding fear

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard:e4:o1:1
# text = Courage consists in doing what is right notwithstanding fear
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	consists	consist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	amod	_	_
9	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consist** | present | Courage |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | gerund | Courage *not said here* | right notwithstanding fear |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fear=Eventuality |
| 3 | **is** | present | right notwithstanding fear |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **notwithstand** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Courage consists in the complete absence of fear

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard:e4:o2:1
# text = Courage consists in the complete absence of fear
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	consists	consist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	complete	complete	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	absence	absence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consist** | present | Courage |  |  | the complete absence of fear |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **absent** |  |  | fear |  |  |  |  | nom absence «state transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Courage consists in the defeat of all one's rivals in combat

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard:e4:o3:1
# text = Courage consists in the defeat of all one's rivals in combat
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	consists	consist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	defeat	defeat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	rivals	rival	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	combat	combat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consist** | present | Courage |  |  | the defeat of all one's rivals in combat |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **defeat** |  |  | all one's rivals in combat |  |  |  |  | nom defeat «event transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Courage consists in the avoidance of all danger

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard:e4:o4:1
# text = Courage consists in the avoidance of all danger
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	consists	consist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	avoidance	avoidance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **consist** | present | Courage |  |  | the avoidance of all danger |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **avoid** |  |  | all danger |  |  |  |  | nom avoidance «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Owning up when it is hard, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/religion-ethics/91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard/e3/)
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- ↑ back to [Owning up when it is hard](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/religion-ethics/91-owning-up-when-it-is-hard/)