---
title: Which of the following most accurately characterises the custom at a… — Why cheating hurts the cheat · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following most accurately characterises the custom at ancient Olympia whereby fines levied upon cheats were applied? Exam question 1 of lesson 94 «Why cheating hurts the cheat» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the questio
---

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# Exam question 1 · Why cheating hurts the cheat

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following most accurately characterises the custom at ancient Olympia whereby fines levied upon cheats were applied?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, levy, apply · **To what, where:** custom, fines, ancient Olympia

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This is exam question 1 of lesson 94 «Why cheating hurts the cheat» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/religion-ethics/94-why-cheating-hurts-the-cheat/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:94-why-cheating-hurts-the-cheat:e1:1
# text = Which of the following most accurately characterises the custom at ancient Olympia whereby fines levied upon cheats were applied?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	6	advmod	_	_
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	custom	custom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	Olympia	Olympia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
13	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	19	advmod	_	_
14	fines	fine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	levied	levy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
16	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	cheats	cheat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
18	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	applied	apply	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the custom |  |  |  | accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **levy** | participle |  | fines *not said here* |  |  |  | upon cheats | tree rules |
| 4 | **apply** | past · passive |  | fines |  | ancient Olympia |  | whereby *property* | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme at olympia=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The award of additional prizes to the victorious athletes

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:94-why-cheating-hurts-the-cheat:e1:o1:1
# text = The award of additional prizes to the victorious athletes
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	award	award	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	additional	additional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	prizes	prize	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	victorious	victorious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	athletes	athlete	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **award** |  |  | additional prizes |  |  |  | to the victorious athletes | nom award «act transitive»: of=patient to=obl |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The return of the fines to the offenders at the conclusion of the Games

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:94-why-cheating-hurts-the-cheat:e1:o2:1
# text = The return of the fines to the offenders at the conclusion of the Games
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	return	return	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	fines	fine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	offenders	offender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	Games	Game	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **return** |  | the fines to the offenders |  |  | the conclusion of the Games |  |  | nom return «communication intransitive»: of=agent at=place |
| 2 | **conclude** |  |  | the Games |  |  |  |  | nom conclusion «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The construction of private residences for the judges

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:94-why-cheating-hurts-the-cheat:e1:o3:1
# text = The construction of private residences for the judges
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	construction	construction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	private	private	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	residences	residence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	judges	judge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **construct** |  |  | private residences for the judges |  |  |  |  | nom construction «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The erection of bronze statues of Zeus inscribed with the names of the offenders

```conllu
# sent_id = question:religion-ethics:94-why-cheating-hurts-the-cheat:e1:o4:1
# text = The erection of bronze statues of Zeus inscribed with the names of the offenders
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	erection	erection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	bronze	bronze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	statues	statue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Zeus	Zeus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	inscribed	inscribe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	offenders	offender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **inscribe** | past | the erection of bronze statues of Zeus |  |  |  |  | with the names of the offenders | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent with name=Theme |
| 2 | **erect** |  |  | bronze statues of Zeus |  |  |  |  | nom erection «state transitive»: of=patient |
| 3 | **name** |  |  | the offenders |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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