---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Galaxies and the Big Bang · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the Big Bang theory? Exam question 1 of lesson 24 «Galaxies and the Big Bang» of the space course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Exam question 1 · Galaxies and the Big Bang

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the Big Bang theory?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** Bang theory

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 24 «Galaxies and the Big Bang» of the space course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the Big Bang theory?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	Big	Big	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	Bang	Bang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	theory	theory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the Bang theory |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The universe originated as an explosion at a single point situated in empty space

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang:e1:o1:1
# text = The universe originated as an explosion at a single point situated in empty space
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	universe	universe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	originated	originate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	explosion	explosion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	situated	situate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **originate** | participle |  | the universe *not said here* |  | a single point |  | as a explosion | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **situate** | participle |  | a single point *not said here* |  | empty space |  |  | vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in space=Destination |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The universe has remained unchanged in size throughout its existence

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang:e1:o2:1
# text = The universe has remained unchanged in size throughout its existence
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	universe	universe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	remained	remain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	unchanged	unchanged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	size	size	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	throughout	throughout	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	existence	existence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | present · perfect · passive |  | the universe |  | size | throughout universe's existence | unchanged *property* | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Attribute |
| 2 | **exist** |  | universe |  |  |  |  |  | nom existence «state intransitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The universe was formerly hot and dense and has since expanded and cooled

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang:e1:o3:1
# text = The universe was formerly hot and dense and has since expanded and cooled
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	universe	universe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	formerly	formerly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	dense	dense	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	expanded	expand	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	cooled	cool	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the universe |  |  |  |  | formerly, hot *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the universe *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **expand** | present · perfect | the universe *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **cool** | participle | the universe *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The universe was formed by the explosion of the Sun

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang:e1:o4:1
# text = The universe was formed by the explosion of the Sun
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	universe	universe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	explosion	explosion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | past · passive | the explosion of the Sun | the universe |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme |
| 2 | **explode** |  |  | the Sun |  |  |  |  | nom explosion «event transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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