---
title: Lily thinks astronomers must fly to stars to know what they're made… — How we know: measuring the sky · tree and pragmatics
description: Lily thinks astronomers must fly to stars to know what they're made of. What is right? Test 1 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Test 1 · ★★★ · How we know: measuring the sky

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lily thinks astronomers must fly to stars to know what they're made of. What is right?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** Lily, astronomers · **What happens:** think, fly, know, make, be · **To what, where:** astronomers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 1 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/#t1).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Lily thinks astronomers must fly to stars to know what they're made of.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t1:1
# text = Lily thinks astronomers must fly to stars to know what they're made of.
1	Lily	Lily	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	thinks	think	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	fly	fly	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
10	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	9	obj	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	're	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl:relcl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | present | Lily |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **fly** | must | astronomers |  |  |  |  | to stars *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to star=Result |
| 3 | **know** | to-infinitive | astronomers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus |
| 4 | **make** | present · passive |  | astronomers *= astronomer* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What is right?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t1:2
# text = What is right?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is right, probes have visited all of them and dug up samples

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t1:o1:1
# text = She is right, probes have visited all of them and dug up samples
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	probes	probe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	visited	visit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	parataxis	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	dug	dig	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
14	samples	sample	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | She |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **visit** | present · perfect · passive |  | probes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **dig up** | past |  | samples |  |  |  |  | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent sample=Theme |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lines in their light show what they are made of

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t1:o2:1
# text = The lines in their light show what they are made of
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	ccomp	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the lines in lines's light |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **light** |  | lines *= line* |  |  |  |  |  | nom light «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They guess from the star's colour only, nothing else helps

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t1:o3:1
# text = They guess from the star's colour only, nothing else helps
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	guess	guess	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	star	star	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	only	only	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	12	nsubj	_	_
11	else	else	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
12	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **guess** | present | They |  |  | the star's colour |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **help** | present | nothing |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody knows what stars are made of, it is still a total mystery

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t1:o4:1
# text = Nobody knows what stars are made of, it is still a total mystery
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	2	nsubj	_	_
2	knows	know	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
11	still	still	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	total	total	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	mystery	mystery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present | Nobody |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **is a** | present | it | a total mystery |  |  | still |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Telescopes and light, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/27-telescopes-and-light/e4/)
- next →: [How we know: measuring the sky, test 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/t2/)
- ↑ back to [How we know: measuring the sky](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/)