---
title: Payne's result was first refused by other astronomers. What does her… — How we know: measuring the sky · tree and pragmatics
description: Payne's result was first refused by other astronomers. What does her story show about science? Test 7 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 7 · ★★★ · How we know: measuring the sky

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Payne's result was first refused by other astronomers. What does her story show about science?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** other astronomers, Payne, story · **What happens:** refuse, result, show · **To what, where:** result

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This is test 7 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/#t7).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Payne's result was first refused by other astronomers.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t7:1
# text = Payne's result was first refused by other astronomers.
1	Payne	Payne	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	result	result	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	advmod	_	_
6	refused	refuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refuse** | past · passive | other astronomers | Payne's result |  |  |  | first *property* | vn reject-77.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **result** |  | Payne |  |  |  |  |  | nom result «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* What does her story show about science?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t7:2
# text = What does her story show about science?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	5	obj	_	_
2	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present · do-support | result's story |  |  |  |  | about science | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent what=Recipient about science=Topic |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Good evidence can win even when experts disagree at first

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t7:o1:1
# text = Good evidence can win even when experts disagree at first
1	Good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	win	win	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	even	even	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
6	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
7	experts	expert	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	disagree	disagree	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | can | Good evidence |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **disagree** | present | experts |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Young scientists are always wrong

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t7:o2:1
# text = Young scientists are always wrong
1	Young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	5	advmod	_	_
5	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Young scientists |  |  |  |  | always, wrong *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Once rejected, an idea is never accepted

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t7:o3:1
# text = Once rejected, an idea is never accepted
1	Once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	2	advmod	_	_
2	rejected	reject	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
7	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	accepted	accept	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reject** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | once *property* | vn reject-77.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **accept** | present · passive |  | a idea |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whatever famous experts say is always right in the end, every time

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky:t7:o4:1
# text = Whatever famous experts say is always right in the end, every time
1	Whatever	whatever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	advcl	_	_
2	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	experts	expert	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	7	advmod	_	_
7	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	det	_	_
13	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | famous experts |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  | in the end | always, right *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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