---
title: Ascertain the means by which the surface of Venus has been mapped no… — Venus · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the means by which the surface of Venus has been mapped notwithstanding its clouds. Exam question 3 of lesson 4 «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 3 · Venus

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the means by which the surface of Venus has been mapped notwithstanding its clouds.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, the, surface · **What happens:** ascertain, mean, map, notwithstand, cloud · **To what, where:** surface, clouds · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 4 «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/space/4-venus/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e3:1
# text = Ascertain the means by which the surface of Venus has been mapped notwithstanding its clouds.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	ccomp	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	obl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Venus	Venus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	mapped	map	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
13	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	xcomp	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **mean** | present | the |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **map** | present · perfect · passive |  | the surface of Venus |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **notwithstand** | gerund |  | surface's clouds |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **cloud** |  | surface |  |  |  |  |  | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Observation by ordinary telescopes from the Earth

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e3:o1:1
# text = Observation by ordinary telescopes from the Earth
1	Observation	observation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	telescopes	telescope	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **observe** |  | ordinary telescopes from the Earth |  |  |  |  |  | nom observation «act transitive»: by=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Photography through openings in the cloud layer

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e3:o2:1
# text = Photography through openings in the cloud layer
1	Photography	photography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	through	through	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	openings	opening	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	cloud	cloud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Radar observation from orbiting spacecraft

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e3:o3:1
# text = Radar observation from orbiting spacecraft
1	Radar	radar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	observation	observation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	orbiting	orbit	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	spacecraft	spacecraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **orbit** | gerund | Radar observation *not said here* | spacecraft |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Direct survey by crewed expeditions

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e3:o4:1
# text = Direct survey by crewed expeditions
1	Direct	direct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	survey	survey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	crewed	crew	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	amod	_	_
5	expeditions	expedition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crew** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **survey** |  | crewed expeditions |  |  |  |  |  | nom survey «act transitive»: by=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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