---
title: Identify the conclusion drawn from studies published in 2023 and 202… — Venus · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the conclusion drawn from studies published in 2023 and 2024 concerning the geology of Venus. Exam question 4 of lesson 4 «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 4 · Venus

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the conclusion drawn from studies published in 2023 and 2024 concerning the geology of Venus.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, draw, publish, concern · **To what, where:** conclusion, studies, geology

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 4 of lesson 4 «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/space/4-venus/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e4:1
# text = Identify the conclusion drawn from studies published in 2023 and 2024 concerning the geology of Venus.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	studies	study	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	published	publish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	2023	2023	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	2024	2024	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	conj	_	_
12	concerning	concern	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Venus	Venus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the conclusion |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent conclusion=Theme |
| 2 | **draw** | participle |  | the conclusion *not said here* |  |  |  | in 2023; from studies | vn split-23.2 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient from study=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **publish** | participle |  | studies *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **concern** | gerund |  | the geology of Venus |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus geology=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its surface is covered by liquid water

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e4:o1:1
# text = Its surface is covered by liquid water
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	liquid	liquid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present · passive | liquid water | Its surface |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Destination |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It possesses no volcanoes of any description

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e4:o2:1
# text = It possesses no volcanoes of any description
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	possesses	possess	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	description	description	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **possess** | present | It | no volcanoes of any description |  |  |  |  | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot volcano=Theme |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Certain volcanoes are probably presently active

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e4:o3:1
# text = Certain volcanoes are probably presently active
1	Certain	certain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	probably	probably	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	presently	presently	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Certain volcanoes |  |  |  |  | active, presently, probably *property* | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All volcanic activity ceased billions of years ago

```conllu
# sent_id = question:space:4-venus:e4:o4:1
# text = All volcanic activity ceased billions of years ago
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
2	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	activity	activity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	ceased	cease	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	billions	billion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cease** | past | all volcanic activity | billions of years |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality billion=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Venus, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/4-venus/e3/)
- next →: [The Earth as a planet, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/5-the-earth-as-a-planet/t1/)
- ↑ back to [Venus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/4-venus/)