---
title: Ascertain the reason for which a protective helmet must be replaced… — Bicycles and other wheels · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain the reason for which a protective helmet must be replaced following a collision, notwithstanding the absence of visible damage. Exam question 3 of lesson 25 «Bicycles and other wheels» of the technology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the questio
---

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# Exam question 3 · Bicycles and other wheels

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the reason for which a protective helmet must be replaced following a collision, notwithstanding the absence of visible damage.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** ascertain, replace, follow, notwithstand, absent · **To what, where:** reason, protective helmet, absence, visible damage

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 25 «Bicycles and other wheels» of the technology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/technology/25-bicycles-and-other-wheels/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:25-bicycles-and-other-wheels:e3:1
# text = Ascertain the reason for which a protective helmet must be replaced following a collision, notwithstanding the absence of visible damage.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	protective	protective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	replaced	replace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	_
12	following	follow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	collision	collision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	absence	absence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	visible	visible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	damage	damage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the reason |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reason=Topic |
| 2 | **replace** | must · passive |  | a protective helmet |  |  |  | for the reason; follow a collision | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **notwithstand** | gerund |  | the absence of visible damage |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **absent** |  |  | visible damage |  |  |  |  | nom absence «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its strap is invariably lengthened by a collision

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:25-bicycles-and-other-wheels:e3:o1:1
# text = Its strap is invariably lengthened by a collision
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	strap	strap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	lengthened	lengthen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	collision	collision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lengthen** | present · passive | a collision | Its strap |  |  |  | invariably *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its weight is increased by any collision so as to render it uncomfortable to wear

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:25-bicycles-and-other-wheels:e3:o2:1
# text = Its weight is increased by any collision so as to render it uncomfortable to wear
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	weight	weight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	increased	increase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	collision	collision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
9	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	render	render	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	wear	wear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **increase** | present · passive | any collision | Its weight |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer subject=Patient |
| 2 | **render** | to-infinitive | any collision *not said here* | weight |  |  |  | uncomfortable *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 3 | **wear** | to-infinitive | any collision *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its colour is impaired by any collision

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:25-bicycles-and-other-wheels:e3:o3:1
# text = Its colour is impaired by any collision
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	impaired	impair	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
7	collision	collision	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **impair** | present · passive | any collision | Its colour |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its foam lining absorbs an impact only once, by being crushed

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:25-bicycles-and-other-wheels:e3:o4:1
# text = Its foam lining absorbs an impact only once, by being crushed
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	foam	foam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	lining	lining	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	absorbs	absorb	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	impact	impact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	only	only	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	crushed	crush	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **absorb** | present | Its foam lining | a impact |  |  |  | once *property* | vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Goal impact=Theme |
| 2 | **crush** | gerund · passive | Its foam lining *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle» |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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