---
title: Identify the principle by which the arm of an excavator exerts consi… — Diggers, cranes and cement mixers · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principle by which the arm of an excavator exerts considerable force upon a slight movement of the control lever. Exam question 1 of lesson 28 «Diggers, cranes and cement mixers» of the technology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question a
---

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# Exam question 1 · Diggers, cranes and cement mixers

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principle by which the arm of an excavator exerts considerable force upon a slight movement of the control lever.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, arm · **What happens:** identify, exert, move · **To what, where:** principle, considerable force, control lever

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This is exam question 1 of lesson 28 «Diggers, cranes and cement mixers» of the technology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/technology/28-diggers-cranes-and-cement-mixers/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:28-diggers-cranes-and-cement-mixers:e1:1
# text = Identify the principle by which the arm of an excavator exerts considerable force upon a slight movement of the control lever.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	excavator	excavator	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	exerts	exert	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
12	considerable	considerable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	slight	slight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	lever	lever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principle |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent principle=Theme |
| 2 | **exert** | present | the arm of a excavator | considerable force |  |  |  | upon a slight movement of the control lever | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Theme |
| 3 | **move** |  |  | the control lever |  |  |  |  | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bucket is rendered buoyant by the admission of air

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:28-diggers-cranes-and-cement-mixers:e1:o1:1
# text = The bucket is rendered buoyant by the admission of air
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bucket	bucket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	rendered	render	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	buoyant	buoyant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	admission	admission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **render** | present · passive | the admission of air | the bucket |  |  |  | buoyant *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **admit** |  |  | air |  |  |  |  | nom admission «act transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hydraulics, whereby a pump forces oil, which is incompressible, into pistons

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:28-diggers-cranes-and-cement-mixers:e1:o2:1
# text = Hydraulics, whereby a pump forces oil, which is incompressible, into pistons
1	Hydraulics	hydraulic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
3	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	pump	pump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	compound	_	_
7	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	incompressible	incompressible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	pistons	piston	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a forces oil |  |  |  |  | incompressible, whereby *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Magnets attract the soil into the bucket

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:28-diggers-cranes-and-cement-mixers:e1:o3:1
# text = Magnets attract the soil into the bucket
1	Magnets	magnet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	attract	attract	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bucket	bucket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attract** | present | Magnets | the soil |  |  |  | into the bucket *result* | vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent soil=Patient into bucket=Result |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The arm is connected to the lever by a rope and pulley

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:28-diggers-cranes-and-cement-mixers:e1:o4:1
# text = The arm is connected to the lever by a rope and pulley
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	connected	connect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lever	lever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	pulley	pulley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **connect** | present · passive | a rope and pulley | the arm |  |  |  | to the lever | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient to lever=Co-Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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