---
title: «my uncle says potholes are just from lorries being too heavy, nothi… — Roads and road signs · tree and pragmatics
description: «my uncle says potholes are just from lorries being too heavy, nothing else» What is the best correction? Test 1 · ★ of lesson 31 «Roads and road signs» of the technology course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was ri
---

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# Test 1 · ★ · Roads and road signs

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«my uncle says potholes are just from lorries being too heavy, nothing else» What is the best correction?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 3 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** uncle, potholes, best correction · **What happens:** say, be · **To what, where:** lorries · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 31 «Roads and road signs» of the technology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/#t1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:31-roads-and-road-signs:t1:1
# text = «my uncle says potholes are just from lorries being too heavy, nothing else» What is the best correction?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	potholes	pothole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	lorries	lorry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
10	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	cop	_	_
11	too	too	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	12	conj	_	_
15	else	else	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
17	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	12	parataxis	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	21	amod	_	_
21	correction	correction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | present | my uncle |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | potholes |  |  | lorries |  | heavy *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | present | the best correction |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Potholes are dug by animals at night

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:31-roads-and-road-signs:t1:o1:1
# text = Potholes are dug by animals at night
1	Potholes	pothole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	dug	dig	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl:agent	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig** | present · passive | animals | Potholes |  |  | night |  | vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Potholes come from the Sun melting the road

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:31-roads-and-road-signs:t1:o2:1
# text = Potholes come from the Sun melting the road
1	Potholes	pothole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	melting	melt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Potholes |  |  | the Sun |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from sun=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **melt** | gerund | Potholes *not said here* | the road |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient road=Result |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lorries knock pieces out, but freezing water in cracks breaks the road first

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:31-roads-and-road-signs:t1:o3:1
# text = Lorries knock pieces out, but freezing water in cracks breaks the road first
1	Lorries	lorry	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	knock	knock	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
7	freezing	freeze	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	csubj	_	_
8	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	cracks	crack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
11	breaks	break	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	11	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **knock out** | present | Lorries | pieces |  |  |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent piece=Patient |
| 2 | **freeze** | gerund |  | water |  | cracks |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient water=Result |
| 3 | **break** | present | freezing | the road |  |  |  | first *property* | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer road=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is right, weather never matters

```conllu
# sent_id = question:technology:31-roads-and-road-signs:t1:o4:1
# text = He is right, weather never matters
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
6	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	matters	matter	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | He |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **matter** | present | He *not said here* | weather |  |  |  |  | vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [Bridges and skyscrapers, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/technology/30-bridges-and-skyscrapers/e4/)
- next →: [Roads and road signs, test 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/technology/31-roads-and-road-signs/t2/)
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