---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — The colours, and two kinds of blue · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the expression of the colour blue in Ukrainian? Exam question 1 of lesson 10 «The colours, and two kinds of blue» of the Ukrainian street course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of ea
---

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# Exam question 1 · The colours, and two kinds of blue

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the expression of the colour blue in Ukrainian?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 1 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** expression, Ukrainian

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 10 «The colours, and two kinds of blue» of the Ukrainian street course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/ukrainian-street/10-the-colours-and-two-kinds-of-blue/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ukrainian-street:10-the-colours-and-two-kinds-of-blue:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the expression of the colour blue in Ukrainian?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	expression	expression	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the expression of the colour |  | Ukrainian |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Two distinct basic terms are employed: SYniy for the dark and blakYtnyi for the light shade

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:ukrainian-street:10-the-colours-and-two-kinds-of-blue:e1:o1:1
# text = Two distinct basic terms are employed: SYniy for the dark and blakYtnyi for the light shade
1	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
2	distinct	distinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	employed	employ	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	SYniy	SYniy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	blakYtnyi	blakYtnyi	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	11	conj	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	shade	shade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **employ** | present · passive |  | Two distinct basic terms |  |  |  | for the dark; for the light shade; SYniy *obl* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for dark=Eventuality |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A single term embraces all shades, as in English

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ukrainian-street:10-the-colours-and-two-kinds-of-blue:e1:o2:1
# text = A single term embraces all shades, as in English
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	term	term	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	embraces	embrace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	shades	shade	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
blakYtnyi denotes dark blue, whereas SYniy denotes light blue

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ukrainian-street:10-the-colours-and-two-kinds-of-blue:e1:o3:1
# text = blakYtnyi denotes dark blue, whereas SYniy denotes light blue
1	blakYtnyi	blakYtnyi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	SYniy	SYniy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	denotes	denote	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	light	light	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **denote** | present | blakYtnyi | dark blue |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot blue=Topic |
| 2 | **denote** | present | SYniy | light blue |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot blue=Topic |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Blue is expressed solely by a word borrowed from English

```conllu
# sent_id = question:ukrainian-street:10-the-colours-and-two-kinds-of-blue:e1:o4:1
# text = Blue is expressed solely by a word borrowed from English
1	Blue	Blue	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	expressed	express	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **express** | present · passive | a word | Blue |  |  |  | solely *property* | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **borrow** | participle |  | a word *not said here* |  | English |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent from english=Source |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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