---
title: Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument whe… — "Because I said so" and other dead-end… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument whereby a conclusion is offered as its own justification? Exam question 3 of lesson 163 «"Because I said so" and other dead-end reasons» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the quest
---

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# Exam question 3 · "Because I said so" and other dead-end reasons

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument whereby a conclusion is offered as its own justification?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** conclusion · **What happens:** follow, characteris, offer, justify · **To what, where:** argument, conclusion

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This is exam question 3 of lesson 163 «"Because I said so" and other dead-end reasons» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons:e3:1
# text = Which of the following most accurately characterises an argument whereby a conclusion is offered as its own justification?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	6	advmod	_	_
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	whereby	whereby	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	offered	offer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl:relcl	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
17	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	justification	justification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | a argument |  |  |  | accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **offer** | present · passive |  | a conclusion |  |  |  | as conclusion's own justification; whereby *property* | vn volunteer-95.4 «NP V NP PP»: subject=Pivot as justification=Attribute |
| 4 | **justify** |  | conclusion |  |  |  |  |  | nom justification «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A controlled experiment

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons:e3:o1:1
# text = A controlled experiment
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	controlled	control	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **control** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn enforce-63 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An appeal to tradition

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons:e3:o2:1
# text = An appeal to tradition
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	appeal	appeal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	tradition	tradition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Circular reasoning

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons:e3:o3:1
# text = Circular reasoning
1	Circular	circular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	reasoning	reasoning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A fair agreement

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons:e3:o4:1
# text = A fair agreement
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	agreement	agreement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: ["Because I said so" and other dead-end…, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons/e2/)
- next →: ["Because I said so" and other dead-end…, exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons/e4/)
- ↑ back to ["Because I said so" and other dead-end reasons](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/163-because-i-said-so-dead-end-reasons/)